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Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma
CISÁRIKOVÁ, Štěpánka
Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma Breast cancer is the most frequent women malignancy and its incidence in developed countriesis on the rise all the time. It is necessary to look for effective procedures of prevention of occurance of this desease, to examine and see all risk factors that could help, though in a small extent, to spreads this desease. It is necessary to provide very sensitive sreening, to improve all possible methods of examination and to opt for effective methods of treatment.Risk factors represent heterogenous set of impacts of both the internal and external environment and they influence an outbreak of breast cancer through various mechanisms. The goal of my work - based on analysis of risk factors - is to refer to the factors that might be important in preventive treatment of this disease. I made statistic analysis of questionaires of women with breast cancer and a group of random samples of other women. The research showed a negative impact of cancer in family ananmnesis, age of the first childbirth after the age of 30 and also the impact of the environmet - in the areas with elevated levels of radiation in the ground the braeast cancer was more frequent.Of course, my results may be burdened by small numbers mistakes but one thing is clear - that in a family history of breast cancer women should undergo a mammography screening every year. Obejctively and statistically significant results may be gained only by a long time monitoring of given number of women.
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An immunohistologic charakterisation of human prostate cancer.
Kotlabová, Kateřina ; Semecký, Vladimír (advisor) ; Louda, Miroslav (referee)
In the last three years prostatic carcinoma reachs the first place in the ledder of number of new reported tumour diseases in male population. Although in most cases it is a relatively well curable affection, the research of new methods and procedures in the prostatic carcinoma diagnostics is very intensive, because the main point of successful therapy is the disclosure of early ( curable ) stages of disease. This graduate work gives the integral summary of histological and immunohistochemical methods, which are possible to be used in the prostatic carcinoma diagnostics. Histological examination based on the apprasial of the cell shape and characteristic cell structures permits to pass a judgement over the presence or absence of tumour changes, which has a high diagnostic and prognostic value. In the cases where the classic histological analysis failed, the special immunohistochemical methods are used by the clinical workers. Immunohistochemistry is based on the reaction of specific antibody and antigen, which has a receptor, enzymatic or transcription factor function in the cell and its presence ( absence ) or the expression intensity is characteristic for malignant or benign tissue which is examined. The content of this work is primarily synoptic enumeration of using immunohistochemical markers...
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Hyperthermia in the treatment of locally advanced or recurrent breast cancer
Pešulová, Andrea ; Kubeš, Jiří (advisor) ; Zapletal, Radek (referee)
As the subject of my bachelor's thesis I have selected hyperthermia as an instrument in the treatment of local advanced or recurrent breast cancer. In separate chapters I describe the anatomy, epidemiology, aetiological factors, clinical symptoms, diagnostic screening, and principal characteristics of local advanced or recurrent carcinoma, their TNM classification and therapeutic options. The bulk of my work is devoted to hyperthermia. I describe hyperthermia as an anti-tumour therapeutic modality, which utilizes the warming of tissue to a temperature of 40 - 44 řC. Hyperthermia is deployed locally, partially or generally (whole body). It is combined with other treatment possibilities, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc. In particular cases of advanced or recurrent tumours, treatment results are much improved by the combined use of hyperthermia with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. I go on to describe the history of hyperthermia, the mechanisms for its effectiveness in terms of tissue and immunology and DNA repair, the technical equipment necessary for its implementation, results of clinical trials, and side-effects. Hyperthermia is deployed in a small number of centres in the Czech Republic, namely Hradec Králové and Prague. In Hradec Králové, ultrasound warming is used, while the Prague centre uses...
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Imaging in the diagnosis of mammary gland
RADOVÁ, Kateřina
My bachelor thesis deals with the issue of the disease of the mammary gland. Breast cancer is among the most frequent malignant neoplasm affecting mainly women. It need not be each time a carcinoma, also benign lesions are possible and may occur. The target of my thesis is the analysis and comparison of displaying methods used during the breast diagnostics in radiology and their analysis from the viewpoint of the task of the radiological assistant. I suppose that the mammography has an un-replaceable role in the diagnostics of mammary gland making high demands especially on the preciseness of the work of the radiological assistant. For the purpose of diagnosis specification also a sono-graphic examination of breast is applied quite often, including biopsy performance. The more and more frequently used method of breast examination, magnetic resonance, is the technically most demanding method for the radiological assistant. The base of my thesis was the spectrum of displaying methods used at the Radiological Ward of the Hospital of Písek and work with the complex of patients examined at this ward, where I have been working as a general nurse so far. I compare and process statistically individual methods. The result of my thesis is confirming the hypothesis that in mammo-diagnostics, the main and hitherto not replaceable role has the mammography which is, in most cases, the first method showing the pathological changes in the breast tissue. The mammo-graphic examination is supplemented in some cases by the examination of the breast by the ultrasound, including the bioptical examination. Thanks to the quick technical development of the medical equipment, the pathological finding in the breast is, more and more frequently clarified also by the method of the magnetic resonance. By elaborating my thesis I made up the survey of possibilities of displaying technology and I specified the role of the radiological assistant in mammo-diagnostics. The experience acquired with a specific group of women with the disease of the mammary gland may be applied practically also at other workplaces dealing with the same problem.
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Human papilomavirus and vaccination
Mojhová, Martina ; Havránková, Anna (advisor)
The topic of his thesis Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and I chosen based on their interest in this issue. Given annual increase in women in whom cancer of the cervix appears a number of women will die from the disease, it is important to present the importance of HPV vaccination as a significant prevention of cervical cancer.
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The newest data from the research literature about estrogen and progesterone receptors in the uterus cancer
Ježková, Alena ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Doležel, Martin (referee)
We take up previous thesis of place of supervizor workplace, which are targeted on ER, PR expresion in uterus carcinomas and their potencional practical exploitation by this thesis. We have limited this broad issue for only endometrial carcinomas, because the cervix ones are tackled in a thesis of Lenka Nespěchalová. We have searched out information from abroad and Czech literatures to upgrade previous review thesis of the supervizor workplace. Unfortunately the Czech literature doesn't dispose of so much clinical studies as foreign ones. We have observed tendency of Czech work places to publish the studies on the strength of foreign experiences. We have take up especially Marešková B. thesis, 2008 by this our one. We have brought out the same data of our issue as Marešková. It's important not only to established total levels of steroid receptors, but as well as rates of individual isoforms PRA/PRB and ERα/ERβ. Generally, progesterons are noted for their protective antiproliferative effect in endometrium, in detail the transcriptional repression is mediated by PRA isoform. On the contrary, PRB isoform activates the transcription of ERα, which causes the increased proliferation. Exactly PRB is supposed to be significant factor for progestin treatment. On the contrary, ERβ disposes antiproliferative...
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Prevention of cervical cancer
Halada, Filip ; Šafář, Petr (advisor)
Uterine cervical carcinoma is a malignant illness in which surface cells of the uterine cervix multiply at an uncontrolled pace. The tumor itself is preceded by pre-tumor changes in cells known as precancerosis; at this point the organism can manage the condition alone. Precancerosis is not accompanied by any medical problems and can only be identified by a specialized cytological examination. Early discovery of this pre-cancerous change can be successfully treated. A late diagnosis is associated with more demanding and less successful treatment. 1 050 to 1 100 new cases of uterine cervical cancer are diagnosed each year in the Czech Republic and about 350 to 400 women die of the disease each year. The incidence is estimated to be about 20 new cases per 100 000 women per year. The biggest risk factor today is thought to be infections caused by the oncogenic type of the human Papillomavirus, which is transferred by sexual intercourse in 99.9 % of the cases. Young girls are the most susceptible to the infection. Two thirds of all women aged 35 have been in contact with the virus; most of them, however, do not even know of the infection, as their immunity systems managed to destroy the virus. In five of 100 women who smoke or have immunity disorders the virus can remain in the epithelium of the cervix for up...
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