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The Incidence of Pertussis in South Bohemia
HOLINKOVÁ, Petra
The thesis deals with the problem of the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region in the period of 2003-2012. Despite the high level of vaccination the incidence of this illness after a significant fall in the 1980s has been growing constantly since 1993. This trend evidently also applies in other developed countries with a high rate of vaccination. The main aim is to draw up an overview of the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region in the monitored period of the last 10 years, compare this occurrence with other regions in the Czech Republic and map out the changes which have occurred in whooping cough vaccination. Quantitative and qualitative research was chosen to process the empirical part. Data for quantitative research was acquired from the database of infectious diseases (EPIDAT), and consisted of reported cases of whooping cough. Another essential group of data were demographic figures about the number and age structure of the population. The second qualitative part was drawn up on the basis of a literary search. I acquired additional information by communicating with individual territorial workplaces of the Regional Hygiene Station of the South Bohemian Region based in České Budějovice. Using the processed data I discovered that the incidence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region does not have an ascending trend in 2003-2012 unlike the trend in the whole of the Czech Republic. The highest occurrence of whooping cough in the Czech Republic in the monitored period was reported in the 10-14 age group. The research also showed that in the period of 2003-2012 individual regions differed greatly in the occurrence and can be divided into two groups ? regions with the highest reached incidence below 10 cases/100,000 people and regions with incidence with the highest reached incidence above 10 cases/100,000 people which includes the South Bohemian Region. There have been many changes in the vaccination of whooping cough and the most important was the transition from whole cell vaccine to acellular in 2007 and adding a 6th booster dose between the 10th and 11th year in 2009. The greatest attention should be paid above all to increase information or test the knowledge of the lay public, especially women preparing for pregnancy and people taking care of newborn babies and infants about the occurrence, potential risks and possibilities of vaccination against this infection even at an adult age. In my opinion a further necessity is the consolidation of diagnostics, definition of a case and procedures of surveillance throughout the Czech Republic, education of paediatricians and general practitioners about the illness and topicality of the problem, an appeal to report the occurrence of this infection to epidemiologists, observing the isolation of the patient, monitoring possible epidemiological connections between cases and making use of the offer of the NRL (National Reference Laboratory) services against whooping cough and diphtheria. This thesis can be used in practice as a summary of information material for the lay and professional public about the occurrence of whooping cough in the South Bohemian Region and throughout the Czech Republic and overview of vaccination against whooping cough. It can be an incentive for further anti-epidemic measures and the need for further research into this problem.
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Survey of vaccination coverage and vaccination discipline in compulsory vaccination
MAXOVÁ, Marie
The aim of this survey is also to determine vaccination coverage in compulsory vaccination of kids in the first years of life, compliance of vaccine dose timing with vaccination schedule and reasons why some children were not vaccinated. Another goal is to analyse the reasons for some kids in the first years of life being vaccinated late and whether some kids in groups most at risk are vaccinated against tuberculosis. We used a quantitative research method in the form of a cross-sectional study comprised of data collection and analysis. Our research sample consisted of children born in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 in České Budějovice district. The reason why we have chosen this particular group of children is that (if applicable vaccination schedule had been adhered to) they were supposed to be fully vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, haemophilus influenzae b, Hepatitis B virus, poliomyelitis (DTPHibHB). This group of 831 children (427 boys and 404 girls) have been chosen by random sampling from practising paediatricians. These selected physicians provided us with data about all children born in above mentioned years. The results showed that overall vaccination coverage for Infanrix Hexa vaccine (four doses) is 98.2% and 97.26% for Priorix vaccine (two doses). Vaccination coverage for tuberculosis in the years 2009 and 2010 was 90.05%. In the first years of life, up to 88.1% of newborns were vaccinated against tuberculosis ? at least, according to vaccination schedule (and applicable Order). In the first year of life, 99.9% of children have been given three doses of Infanrix Hexa vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae b invasive disease and Hepatitis B virus. In the first eighteen months of life, 97.4% of children in analysed sample were given fourth dose of said vaccine. 68.6% of children were given the first dose of Priorix-Tetra vaccine in the first fifteen months of life. In the following six to ten months, 75.4% of children were given the second dose. Further analysis revealed that in 40.5% of analysed records some vaccine dose timings were not met. The most common reason for vaccination delay was the state of health of the child. Two instances of vaccination delay were also caused by the omissions of parents. In 2010, indication for vaccination against tuberculosis was recorded for one newborn. In 2011, for four children from the analysed sample vaccination against tuberculosis was recommended. In all cases, vaccination against tuberculosis has been carried out in calmetisation centre. Taking into account my study and its results I can safely assume that the goals of my diploma thesis have been met and the hypotheses set forth have been confirmed by the research.
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Knowledge, attitudes and practice of vaccination against HPV - the male and female population
MANOVÁ, Michaela
The theoretical part summarizes information about cervical cancer, which is caused by the human papilloma virus. Cervical cancer is ranked on the second place in the incidence of cancers world wide. Virus HPV affects both men and women. For men, it results in the emergence of genital warts or cancer of the penis. Although there are existing opportunites for effective prevention for men, the focus is more on the female population.This thesis looks at the current problems in the prevention of cervical cancer, which affects an ever growing number of women and men. In this work, we find out how informed are the young people about cervical cancer, their knowledge about possibilities of prevention, and experience of vaccinated respondents in the age in which this vaccination is recommended, that is, before the start of an active sexual life. In the research part, is a summary of a questionnaire, which was done among pupils of a primary school in Plzen. The age range of respondents was 13- 16 years. The research included both girls and boys. The assumption that girls are more informed and are more interested in information regarding cervical cancer and boys on the contrary don?t search for this information because they think that this problem does not concern them , was largely confirmed by this research.
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Parazitózy daňka evropského (Dama dama) v oboře Poodří
Cochlar, Jakub
The aim of this work was to form a comprehensive list of the most common parasites to be found on the European fallow deer (Dama dama) in the game park Poodří, in the Moravian-Slezian region, former district of Nový Jíčín. The practical part of the work was focused on the collection of several samples of droppings and its examination with subsequent determination of the parasites. In the course of the diploma research there was a spectrum of species to be followed, their prevalence, seasonal dynamic throughout the year, the effects on the host animal and adherence to the prevention through the principles of animal hygiene. On the whole there were 150 samples of droppings examined by coprologistic methods and subsequently compared with the data collected by the owner of the game park. On the fallow deer the presence of the single-host coccidia, genus Eimeria, was found. There were also findings of the gastrointestinal nematodes, genus Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Chabertia, Nematodirus and Trichuris. From the pulmonary nematodes only the small pulmonary nematode Varestrongylus sagittatus was determined. The prevalence of parasites is in comparison to the prior studies of Prof. MVDr. K. Chroust, DrSc. from the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno still kept on a low level. The parasitic infection did not have any effect on the state of health of the deer monitored. The measures maintained in the game park are effective, owning to the fact that we are able to carry out all actions against the outbreak and dispersion of the disease effectively and in time. These measures can be carried out by decontaminating hunting alternatively by the catching and following examination of the game. Precautionary arrangements are executed by dosing of the medicated curatives on the grounds of the previous coprologistic testing with positive result.
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Enhancement of the efficacy of DNA vaccines against the cervical cancer with helper epitopes
Peřinová, Lucie ; Brábek, Jan (referee) ; Šmahel, Michal (advisor)
The human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological agent of cervical cancer. Their oncoproteins E6 and E7 are involved in the transformation of an infected cell into a neoplastic cell, thereby they are the target antigenes for the development of DNA vaccines. Helper epitopes activating CD4+ T cells are under study because they enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines through increasing the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and thereby removal of the tumor. There are already being used epitopes derived directly from oncoproteins, synthetic epitopes or bacterial epitopes for the general enhancement of the immune response. Sufficient number of comparative studies which would establish the exactly most efficient helper epitopes has not been made. The research aims at combining more peptide types using immunostimulatory molecules.
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Issues of Students' Awareness of Bachelor and Master Fields of Health Education at the University of South Bohemia in the Czech Budejovice: Issue of Nosocomial Infections
VAVŘINOVÁ, Petra
Thesis deals with ?the issue of awareness of nosocomial infections from undergraduate students of Bachelor and Master degree from Health education field at the University of South Bohemia in the Czech Budejovice.? This is very timely topic as nosocomial infections are a global economic and clinical problem not only for the present time but also for the future. Thesis is divided into two parts. Details of nosocomial infections, epidemic processes, agents of these infections, hand hygiene, prevention, health education, healthy lifestyle, immunity and support options for immune system are described in the theoretical part. The practical part describes the research problem, formulates hypothesis and shows statistical methods for research. The aim of this thesis was to find out the awareness of nosocomial infections from students of Bachelor and Master degree of VKZ at JU in the Czech Budejovice. Further I tried to compare this knowledge with respect to the age, education and field in which they act. I am trying to find out the possible way of prevention, personal protection against nosocomial infections moreover subjective perception of information related to this problem from respondents. I used the basic way of collecting data for achievement the given aim such as questionnaire in the aim group. There were used basic statistical methods suitable for analysis of categorical data. These results are illustrated in pie chart and bar chart for better interpretation. Test of the main hypothesis and working hypotheses are statistically made by 2 ? test. There was used Fisher factorial test in case there would be break prerequisite for correct usage of the previous test. The results of these tests are interpreted on the base of , with 95 % of reliability. I set this hypothesis in my thesis: ? Better knowledge will have students whose high school education was connected with the problems of health care. ? The result shows better knowledge for these students than for students from other high school however this difference was not statistically important. From all tests was found out that all students know the right definition of nosocomial infection however they have significantly less information related to the prevention against nosocomial infection. This thesis should give us food for thought about this problem and should change the attention to the health and the health of others and the possibility of further education.
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Antiviral vaccination - hepatitis A virus
Rančáková, Hana ; Fraiberk, Martin (referee) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor)
Hepatitis A is an ifectious disease caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV) from Picornaviridae family. HAV is an uneveloped virus composed of positive single-stranded RNA and a capsid with icosahedral symmetry. This infection is wide-spread and endemic in many regions of the world. The main way of transmission is throught the fecal-oral route. The possible symptoms, that can appear during the disease are fever, fatigue, muscle-pain, nausea, vomiting and afterward yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. On the other hand, the disease can proceed without any symptoms, that is common especially in the childhood. The people can shelter from the disease by aplication of vaccine. At this time there are four inactivated hepatitis A vaccines at the world market. All of the vaccines are highly effective and provide a long-term protection. This work is intent on the infection of hepatitis A virus, the possibilities of prevention with vaccines and the inclusion of curriculum about viral diseases and vaccination in the School Educational Programmes.
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Molecular characterization of NADPH oxidase in the gut of the tick \kur{Ixodes ricinus}
KUČERA, Matěj
This thesis focuses on characterization of one member of NADPH oxidases - dual oxidase (DUOX) which has been described as the main factor of epithelial immunity in the gut of model organism Drosophila melanogaster. We have identified an orthologous gene coding for DUOX in the tick I. ricinus and described its tissue expression profile. The DUOX is mainly expressed in the gut of unfed ticks and seems to be downregulated upon artificial microbial infection. A fragment of tick DUOX was prepared as recombinant protein and used for preparation of specific antibodies to be used for further characterization of the enzyme. Our main aim is to highlight the importance of tick DUOX producing the reactive oxygen species and their role in the defence against pathogenic organisms within the tick gut.
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Monitoring of immune parameters during anti-tumor immunotherapy
Bílková, Pavla ; Palich Fučíková, Jitka (advisor) ; Fialová, Anna (referee)
Dendritic cells are the most effective antigen presenting cells in humans, they stimulate naive T lymphocytes and thus initiate specific immune response. The discovery of dendritic cells and understanding of their functions contributed to the idea of usingdendritic cells for the treatment of cancer. Anti tumor immunotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that aims to induce and maintain immune responses against tumor cells. Currently, immunotherapy based on dendritic cells has strong position among other anti cancer therapies and seems to be a promising therapeutic option for patients with tumors. In this work, I evaluated the effectiveness of treatment in patients with prostate cancer treated with immunotherapy based on dendritic cells. I focused on the detection of antigen specific T lymphocytes in peripheral blood against tumor antigens, PSA, NY ESO 1, MAGE A1 and MAGE A3. Using a 3 day standard protocol for the detection of antigen specific T cells using intracellular cytokine staining we were able to detect only a small percentage of this minor population. Only after extension of the protocol, we increased the sensitivity setting and we detected a significantly increased frequency of antigen specific T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood after one year DC vaccines application.
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Secondary prevention of a transfer of HIV/AIDS among people above the age of 40
ROŽNÍČKOVÁ, Iveta
The bachelor thesis addresses the issue of secondary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in individuals over forty years of age. Currently, the prevailing tendency in sexually transmitted disease prevention is the preference of primary prevention at primary and secondary schools although statistic research has shown undeniable increase in, for example, the number of HIV positive individuals in the age spectrum above 40 years of age. The teoretic part of the thesis concentrates on matters of relationships, marriage, marriage phases, marriage crises and infidelity followed by an account of the HIV virus history and origin, characteristics of AIDS which develops following the infection by HIV, its mode of transmission and prevention against infection. The objective the thesis has set was to establish the awarness about HIV/AIDS prevention of individuals above 40 years of age and to determine whether or not respondents use barrier methods of contraception when changing their sexual partners. The thesis also aimed at discovering the interest respondents show in the health of their new sexual partner. The research sample involved respondents over 40 years of age ? single, married, divorced, widiwed, cohabitees, registered partners and respondents who have had a new sexual relationship in the past two years. I used quantitative research method, specifically questionnaires, to collect data. Questionnaires have been distributed in Beroun, České Budějovice, Cheb, Jihlava, Nový Jičín, Prague and Příbram. The total number of distributed 100 questionnares (100%) yielded 62% return rate. Hypothesis 1: Individuals over 40 years of age dispose of disorted and inaccurate informatik about HIV/AIDS. Hypothesis 2: More than a half of respondents do not use any barrier cantraception when starting a new sexual relationship. Hypothesis 3: More than a half of respondents do not regest a negative HIV/AIDS test. The research validated all free hypotheses above. Results of the thesis can be Publisher in professional journals to increase public awarnes about HIV/AIDS.
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