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Study of the availability of antibiotics in soil
Hroncová, Michala ; Landová, Pavlína (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones from soil. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline. ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfamethaxazole and sulfadiazin were selected due to frequent use in veterinary medicine. Due to the fact that the soil is a complex matrix and contains many components that can interfere with the detection signal of analytes, it was necessary to use the MAX column in the SPE method, which removes fulvic aned humic acid from analytes and the HLB column Final analysis of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with mass detesction (LC-MS). The method was also used for real soil samples, which were delivered from ÚKZUS.
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Characterization of microorganisms with biodegradation potential for sulfonamides
Sedláček, Jan ; Palyzová, Andrea (advisor) ; Mikušová, Gabriela (referee)
Sulfonamides are antibiotics that are frequently used both in human and veterinary medicine. The combinations of abundant use of these antibiotics and their natural resistance to decay leads often to long term persistence in the environment. This accumulation, especially in living organisms, may lead to subsequent toxicosis. Also, presence of these antibiotic in nature poses problems with regard to the spread of genes for antibiotic resistance between potential pathogens. These facts led to an increase interest in studying the sulfonamide biodegradation and subsequent sulfonamide removal from the environment. In this work it was possible to isolate and characterize the microorganism Acinetobacter sp. strain 49. This microorganism was able to biodegrade under right conditions sulfamethoxazole with 80 % efficiency. Sulfamethoxazole is one of the most commonly found sulfonamide in the nature.
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Monitoring of sulfonamides in wastewater from sewage treatment plants with different treatment technologies
Chaloupková, Petra ; Dvořáková, Petra (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The aim of this thesis is to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different number of equivalent persons and different treatment technologies. Five sulfonamides were chosen for a determination due to their wide usage in human and veterinary medicine practice. The specific compounds are sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole a sulfamethoxazole. For the determination of those sulfonamides, an UHPLC/DAD analytical method was chosen and optimized. There was also a need for optimization of SPE extraction method, especially a sample volume optimization. 250 mL was chosen as an ideal volume of wastewater sample for SPE. The optimized method was used for determination of sulfonamides in real wastewater samples from WWTP in Podivín, Pohořelice, Hustopeče, Valtice, Lednice and Mikulov. Average concentrations of pharmaceuticals in influent and effluent wastewater samples were in a range of 0,1 – 1 µg/l. The concentration of sulfonamides was mostly found higher in influent samples and lower in effluent samples. It can be said that a partial recovery of sulfonamides on WWTPs was observed.
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Use of selected toxicity tests on organisms Eisenia fetida in assessing ecosystem contamination by selected drugs.
Kašpárková, Petra ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Constantly increasing consumption of drugs leads to the increase of the concentration of residues in various environmental compartments. For this reason the drug residues are nowadays classified as significant environmental contaminants. The drug residues enter the soil along with the application of sewage sludge either as a fertilizer or during fertilizing by animal excrements excreted after drug administration, eventually by direct contamination from treated grazing animals. The presence of these substances in soil has got negative impact on the sensitive soil ecosystem. The diploma thesis aims to evaluation of possible soil contamination with selected drugs through ecotoxicity tests. For this purpose sulfonamide chemotherapeutic agents, which are often used in veterinary medicine, were chosen, specifically sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazin. Eartworms (Lumbricus) were selected as suitable test representative soil organism. In the experimantal part of this work the avoidance test according to ISO 17512-1 and modified bioaccumulation test according to OECD 317 methodology were performed. Bioaccumulation substances in oligochaetes, for which the artificial soil was prepared according to OECD 207 methodology, which was subsequently contaminated with above specified drugs. Although according to the results of determination of these substances there is no significant bioaccumulation in eartworms‘ tissue, these organisms are very responsive to the presence of contaminants in the soil environment. This is evident from the results of avoidance tests.
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Aplication of gas chromatography for determination of drug residuals in waters
Lacina, Petr ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Diploma thesis is focused on the choose of methods and optimalisation analysis procedure of selected pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid, ibuprofene, naproxene, ketoprofene and diclofenac) in surface and waste water by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges was used as an extraction method in this analysis. Extraction is followed by derivatization and their optimalization of selected pharmaceuticals. Derivatization and its optimalization were performed by two silylation reagens N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Different volumes of derivatization reagents, different temperatures and different times were used during the procedure. The best combination is then used for analysis of real samples. Real samples of waste water were collected in sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice and real samples of surface water were collected from several rivers and one pond in region Moravia. This thesis also presents and tests SPE methods for extraction and concentration selected sulfonamide residues (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole) from the aquatic environment.
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Sulfonamide residues in sediment and sludge from wastewater treatment plants
Chaloupková, Petra ; Lacina, Petr (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The aim of the bachelor’s thesis was a method optimalization for extraction of sulfonamides from sediment and sewage sludge samples from wastewater treatment plants. This optimized method was used for analyzing sulfonamides in real soil and sewage sludge samples. Antibiotics are commonly used as a prevention and medicament for human and animals. Drugs and their residues enter to wastewater treatment plants within excrements and then they can be a part of sewage sludge or they can occur in treated water. It can also enter environment as a part of soils or sediments. Three extraction methods were chosen for optimizing; a pressurized solvent extraction, a microwave-assisted extraction and an ultrasonic extraction. Extracts were cleaned by solid phase extraction and analysed by liquid chromatography with diode array detector.
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