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Determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments in the region Revúce
Kováč, Lukáš ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis aims to assess the extent of contamination of soil and sediment with risk metals in Jelšava. The main polluter of the environment in this area is the magnetize factory. Sampling of soils and sediments were made in three seasons. Sampling times were staggered to represent different seasons and to take into account the impact of the seasons on the obtained values of the concentrations in soil and sediment. Sampling sites were selected according according to the different distances from the factory and according to the different loading of roads. In each of the collected samples were determined concentrations of the elements copper, lead, zinc, nickel, manganese, mercury, cadmium and vanadium. Copper, lead, zinc, nickel and manganese were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomization in a flame (F AAS), cadmium and vanadium were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET AAS). For the determination of mercury was used mercury analyzer (AMA).
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Analýza obsahu významných nutrientů v tropickém ovoci a v jejich škůdcích
Remencová, Julie
The diploma thesis is focused on analysis of selected elements of tropical fruits and their pests. The aim of the thesis was to find a relationship between mineral content of tropical fruits and their pests and to clarify whether the found correlations can be used for targeted pest management. The mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) are one of the most dangerous and economically important species of Tephritidae family causing significant economical looses estimated in hundreds of millions of dollars per year. The theoretical part focuses on general description, production and consumption, chemical content and importance of individual analysed tropical fruit species. Literature review deals with selected elements – calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper from the point of view of importance in human nutrition. The practical part describes analyses of the above mentioned elements using flame absorption spectrometry in samples of mango (Mangifera indica), mandarin (Citrus unshiu), kaki (Diospyros kaki) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) and samples of two fruit fly species C. capitata and B. zonata. From the correlations of elements contents in tropical fruits and their pests follows that the determination of calcium can be used for identification of the origin of the pest because a significant correlation was found only between the content of calcium in mandarin and C. capitata fed on mandarin.
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Advanced removal methods of matter difficult to coagulate during drinking water treatment
Sichrová, Kateřina
Nowadays, drinking water treatment (DWT) is becoming more and more challenging due to the increasing anthropogenic pollution as well as due to the impacts of climate change. Water sources commonly comprise a cocktail of undesirable substances, the removal of which by the conventional DWT process based on coagulation/flocculation is often insufficient. This dissertation deals with advanced removal methods, particularly adsorption, usable for difficult to coagulate substances during DWT. Particular emphasis is placed on removing manganese, algal organic matter (AOM), and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Additionally, in the case of emerging anthropogenic pollutants, attention was also paid to their occurrence and interactions in water. As part of the research, a new TiO2-based adsorbent was synthesized for Mn2+ removal. Since the prepared adsorbent showed high Mn2+ removal efficiency in a much wider range of pH values compared to the conventional demanganization method, which requires very high pH values, it could serve as a suitable alternative demanganization method. Regarding the removal of AOM, the influence of solution properties on its adsorption onto different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the efficiency of AOM...
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Determination of selected elements in cereal flours and their gluten-free alternatives
Venclová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Nováková, Eliška (referee)
This study deals with the determination of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum in cereal gluten flours and its gluten-free alternatives. The flour samples were digested using a microwave device and the elements in solution were subsequently determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Optimization of the digestion of the selected flours was performer prior to the actual determination of the elements. The aim of the work was to determine the above listed elements in the flour samples and to establish a basic overview of the elemental composition of the different flours. This overview and comparison of the different flours is intended to help the people with celiac disease to choose gluten-free alternatives to wheat flour. Keywords Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, microwave digestion, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, wheat flour, gluten-free flours, celiac disease
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Advanced removal methods of matter difficult to coagulate during drinking water treatment
Fialová, Kateřina ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Mašín, Pavel (referee) ; Brányik, Tomáš (referee)
Nowadays, drinking water treatment (DWT) is becoming more and more challenging due to the increasing anthropogenic pollution as well as due to the impacts of climate change. Water sources commonly comprise a cocktail of undesirable substances, the removal of which by the conventional DWT process based on coagulation/flocculation is often insufficient. This dissertation deals with advanced removal methods, particularly adsorption, usable for difficult to coagulate substances during DWT. Particular emphasis is placed on removing manganese, algal organic matter (AOM), and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Additionally, in the case of emerging anthropogenic pollutants, attention was also paid to their occurrence and interactions in water. As part of the research, a new TiO2-based adsorbent was synthesized for Mn2+ removal. Since the prepared adsorbent showed high Mn2+ removal efficiency in a much wider range of pH values compared to the conventional demanganization method, which requires very high pH values, it could serve as a suitable alternative demanganization method. Regarding the removal of AOM, the influence of solution properties on its adsorption onto different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the efficiency of AOM...
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Influence of Mn and Cu on the structure and mechanical properties of cast iron
Musil, Ivo ; Pernica, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kaňa, Václav (advisor)
This bachelor’s diploma thesis deals with the influence of various factors, especially the chemical composition, on the structure and properties of graphitic cast irons. In the practical part, a planned experiment verifying the influence of manganese and copper on the mechanical properties and structure of graphitic cast irons is carried out, in which samples of cast iron with flake graphite alloyed with different manganese and copper contents are cast, the resulting hardness is measured and their structured is examined.
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Development of the simultaneous analysis methods on the HR-CS-ET-AAS device and their use in environmental analysis
Jurnečka, Roman ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This thesis deals with the development of simultaneous determination methods using atomic absorption spectrometry with a continuous radiation source and high-resolution monochromator. The determination methods were developed especially with regard to the analysis of environmental matrices. Two methods of simultaneous determination were developed with the application of three types of environmental samples. The first of them was focused on the simultaneous determination of nickel and iron in tea leaves. This method was also applied to soil samples. The second method is the determination of manganese and iron in water. Here I also examined the influence of the modifier. Furthermore, the combination of wavelengths of the already established method of simultaneous determination of cadmium and iron in oat products was taken from the literature. As part of the thesis, this method was optimized to determine these specific elements in tea. The primary advantages of simultaneous analysis include the saving of chemicals, including argon, as well as less time-consuming operation. The developed methods can be put into practice. The output is a design of a laboratory task for the introduction of simultaneous analysis into teaching.
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Vliv potravy na vývoj chrousta maďalového (Melolontha hippocastani Fabr.)
Čech, Petr
This thesis defined impact of insect species on forest and landscape in broader context and described possible impacts of their gradations on forests in the central Europe in connection with pest species, its food preferences, overpopulation occurrence and local conditions. The research evaluated food requirements of Forest Chockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, 1801) and food-connected impact on fertility, food preference and caused damage. The theses also determined the influence of food (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) treated with manganese chloride solutions in three concentrations on food consumption, time of adult activity and fertility of adult specimens of Forest Chockchafer. It was necessary to use laboratory breeding to get desired data. After feeding on the oak, the Forest Chockchafer was in the best condition in terms of monitored parameters and the ability of survival on pine blossoms was proven. Reaction of Forest Chockchafer on increased amount of manganese was negative and manganese had also influence on its activity, ecology and physiology. Despite its defence mechanisms - excretion of manganese (up to 24 110 mg.kg-1) in the material of excrement and integration to its own body parts not participating on its physiology processes (up to 430 mg.kg-1) - impact on Forest Chockchafer adults was shown by shorter feeding period (by eight and a half day for female specimens), decreased food intake (down to one fifth) and reduced fertility. While in the case of treatment T1 the fertility was reduced down to one fourth, with manganese concentration in the diet 17 700 mg.kg-1 (treatment T3) female specimens were not able to lay eggs at all. The toxicity limit for Forest Chockchafer was exceeded and female fertility was reduced.
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Determination of selected metals in edible mushrooms in the Kladno district
ŠIMŮNKOVÁ, Eliška
The aim of this work was to determine the concentrations of rubidium, zinc, iron, copper, strontium and manganese in samples of edible mushrooms and to compare our results with other studies. The literary research contains brief information about mushrooms, soils, metals, used analytical method and research site. During the summer months of 2020 and 2021 twelve samples of seven edible mushroom species were collected from the forest between the former mines of Kladno for the purpose of the practical part. The whole practical part of the bachelor thesis was performed in the laboratory of the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. Measured values were recorded in tables and statistically processed. Through analysis we found out that a parasol mushroom belongs to mushroom species with the highest ability to accumulate metals. Among the analyzed samples we found the highest content of iron (1148 mg/kg), copper (150 mg/kg) and the second highest of manganese (339 mg/kg). On the other hand the least able to cumulate metals between analyzed mushroom species was red cracking bolete which contained the lowest contents of manganese (15 mg/kg) and strontium (1,6 mg/kg). The stink snake is worth mentioning because of its high strontium (10,1 mg/kg) and manganese (643 mg/kg) accumulation. Measured manganese content significantly exceeded the values measured in other analyzed samples.
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Determination of selected metals in soils and mushrooms in the vicinity of the D1 highway.
HORÁKOVÁ, Tereza
The aim of the bachelor thesis was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in edible mushroom samples and underlying soils. The elements measured were mainly copper, iron and zinc, followed by manganese, strontium and rubidium. The literature search contains brief information on each element and their content in soils and fruiting bodies of mushrooms in other studies. The theoretical part also includes chapters on fungi, soils and their contamination, the effect of vehicular traffic on the heavy metal content of soils and the used analytical method, which was atomic absorption spectrometry. For the practical part, 24 samples of eight different species of edible mushrooms were collected in the autumn of 2020 and 2021 in the vicinity of the D1 motorway. As part of the collection, the soil beneath the mushroom was also sampled to a depth of approximately 15 cm. The samples were first perfectly dried, then processed by microwave digestion, and finally analysed by AAS. All work was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The results of the measurements were tabulated and processed statistically and graphically. Finally, they were evaluated in a discussion. The analysis showed that birch and birch goosefoot accumulate the least heavy metals in their fruiting bodies. The spruce budworm, the pink toadflax, the celandine and the brown mushroom accumulate metals on a large scale. In total, 4.2-45 mg.kg-1 dry weight Cu, 97,4-4166 mg.kg-1 Fe, 52,1-338,7 mg.kg-1 Zn, 3-61,4 mg.kg-1 Mn, 1,3-7 mg.kg-1 Sr and 7,7-300,9 mg.kg-1 Rb were measured in mushrooms. In soils, the values were as follows: 5,2-78,6 mg.kg-1 Cu, 2 965-41 983 mg.kg-1 Fe, 25,8- 174,2 mg.kg-1 Zn, 49,7-1 868 mg.kg-1 Mn, 6,2-25,2 mg.kg-1 Sr and 12,2-114,5 mg.kg-1 Rb in dry weight. These results show that strontium was the least represented heavy metal studied and iron was the most represented.
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