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Microbial community in sediments of a stream contaminated by pharmaceuticals
Brťková, Hana ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zikánová, Blanka (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are micropollutants, that enter the environment mainly through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this work microbial community has been studied in sediments of a stream, which is located near a WWTP. This sediment is contaminated with pharmaceuticals. The subject of this thesis was to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and microbial community in this study site and to point out possible relationships between these factors. Twelve pharmaceuticals were identified at concentrations reaching levels of ng/g. The concentrations of the compounds form a gradient that decreases with the distance from WWTP. Microbial biomass was estimated using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and microbial community was described using next-generation DNA sequencing. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids pointed out, that with the increasing distance from WWTP the amount of microbial biomass decreases. DNA sequencing revealed large microbial diversity in the studied sediment. For evaluation of the relationship between the microbial community and pharmaceuticals in the stream sediment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. The result of PCA showed, that in the stream sediment (depth 10-30 cm), Betaproteobacteria negatively correlated with triclosan and Clostridia negatively...
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The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment I.
Tkáčová, Gabriela ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Opletal, Lubomír (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Candidate: Gabriela Tkáčová Supervisor: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D Title of diploma thesis: The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment I. Drugs are biologically active substances used for treatment and prophylaxis of human and animal illnesses. Some drugs, however, remain biologically active even after they are excreted from the organism. By various means these substances can appear in the environment and can be detected in wastewater, surface water, seawater, groundwater, drinking water, sediments and soil. Chronic presence of low concentrations of drugs in the environment can negatively affect non-target organisms. Aim of this diploma thesis is to study presence of SSRI, statins and hypoglycemic drugs in the environment. Drugs from these farmacodynamic groups were detected in the environment in concentrations ranging from ng/l to μg/l. Selected drugs from SSRI group were fluoxetine, citalopram, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine and escitalopram. In water samples they were detected in concentration ranging from tens to hundreds ng/l, they were also detected in soils and sediments. Toxicity for water biota was also proven. Fluoxetine caused changes in secondary sexual characteristics of fish...
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The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment II.
Olivová, Tereza ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Sklenářová, Hana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Tereza Olivová Supervisor: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D Title of diploma thesis: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment II. Pharmaceuticals are biologically active substances used for treatment or prevention of human and animal diseases. Some of these substances remain active even after being excreted from an organism and they can enter the environment. The residues of pharmaceuticals are present not only in rivers, but also in sea, groundwater and in soil, into which the contaminated water and manure are applied. The concentration of pharmaceuticals in water and in soil differ from place to place (it is higher e. g. in close proximity of sewage treatment plants) and from season to season (it depends on levels of precipitations and sunshine). Nowadays, thanks to sensitive analytical methods it is not a problem to detect these xenobiotics even in very small amounts, in which they usually occur in nature (usually in order of units or tens of ng/l or ng/g). However, even these low concentrations might have a negative impact on the life of non-target organisms (e. g. reproduction disorders) and therefore, the calculations, which measure the lever of risk of particular...
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Pharmaceuticals issues in groundwaters
Šrot, Martin ; Hrkal, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Datel, Josef (referee)
Main objective of the diploma thesis was to observe the concentrations of selected types of drugs in the environment around the area of the village Horní Beřkovice. This goal was achieved by monitoring of the drugs concentration in surface and ground waters at Horní Beřkovice site. Monitoring system allowed to detect the passage of pollution from the source of the contamination, through sewage treatment plant, the unsaturated zone and aquifer to a potential user of contaminated groundwater. The diploma thesis is based on the field data from TACR project. I have analyzed data from the six samplings at the area of the village Horní Beřkovice with regard to the observed drugs or their residues in surface and ground waters. I have compared the results with data from the sewage treatment plants in the river basin of Želivka. Keywords: ground water, surface water, sewage treatment plant, drugs, contamination
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Preparation and phytoextraction of 125-I labelled pharmaceuticals
Luptáková, Dominika ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are group of organic substances with significant worldwide consumption in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds may be metabolized in the organism, but in some cases they remain unchanged and both are usually excreted via renal excretion in the native form or as metabolites. Large quantities of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites contaminate municipal wastewater. The wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove these substances completely, so they contaminate surface water, groundwater and soil as well. Due to the biological activity of pharmaceuticals, long - term effect may cause bacterial resistance, endocrine influence, DNA and renal damages in non-target organisms. The phytoextraction and the translocation of radiolabeled diclofenac with 125 I were experimentally studied by using of in vitro cultivated plants Helianthus annuus and Zea mays. Efficiency od phytoextraction was monitored as decrease of radioactivity of tested substance [125 I]diclofenac in Murashige-Skoog cultivation medium. Both species are able to extract tested substance during 8 to 10 days of cultivation, with efficiency approximately 85 % using Zea mays and 79 % using Helianthus annuus. Better extraction ability of diclofenac was observed at Helianthus annuus - 80 mg/ kg of dry weight compared...
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Health literacy of seniors in pharmacology.
BEDNÁŘOVÁ, Rita
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of health literacy of seniors in the field of pharmacology. The aim of the work was to find out, which skills and abilities seniors have, to understand, search and use information, services, and tools related to pharmacology. Thanks to these social and cognitive skills, seniors can have greater control over their health, they can make good decisions about their health condition, and they can maintain and support their health in general. The second aim of this thesis was to find out what problems the seniors encounter in the daily use of medicaments and what aspects make them the most difficult. With today's overusing drugs, seniors face more than one problem and it is affecting their quality of life and whole drug therapy. To achieve my goals, I have used quantitative research, using questionnaires. The examined sample was male and female from the age of 65 and the total number of respondents was 120. I set 2 goals with eight related hypotheses. Based on the gained results, out of the eight hypotheses, two of them were accepted and six of them were rejected. Based on the gained information from the research, in collaboration with graphic designer Dominika Pýchová, I created a stylized illustration (Annex 2), which could be introduced in the packaging to simplify pharmacy's using by seniors and simplify the information from information flyers. The reason, why seniors don't read the information flyers is the fact, that printed letters are too small and not readable. I was present while filling out the questionnaires and that is why I found out, that seniors would welcome better and uniform drug list which would make them easier to use. That's why I redrew the American version of the drug list, which is listed in (Annex 3). Overall research shows that half of the seniors are using more than 5 drugs, they have bigger problem of knowing the effects of drugs than knowing their names. Almost nobody knows the side effects of the drugs, as well as a clinical pharmacist who would facilitate pharmacotherapy in many cases. Practitioners do not check their patients' medication, and in many cases, when hospitalized, practitioners find out that the patient is taking unnecessary medication or even those that have not been prescribed for a long time. As long as the seniors do not improve their knowledge with help from practitioner and nurse, or by introducing of drug list's regular checks, seniors will be in alarming danger and their health literacy will not improve but it will be further reduced.
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Effect of pharmaceuticals present in recipients of STP in fish.
KUBATA, Michal
Volume of consumed antibiotics in developed countries have increased eminently in past few decades. These substances are excreted from human body in various abundance and end up in the sewage. Sewage water flow to sewage treatment plants to be partly cleaned and finaly discharged to surface waters. Pharmaceutical residuals leaking to water environment of recipients affect local biota. Impact of pharmaceutical residuals present in biological pond Čežárka was assessed in this study. Čežárka biological pond (2,6 ha) is a recipient of discharged waters of sewage treatment plant in Vodnany, the town with 7 000 inhabitants. Biological ponds are good solution for final treatment of wastewater discharged from sewage treatment plant efluents. The nutrients from wastewater may enter the food chain of pond ecosystem. In total 62 pharmaceuticals were identified in water of sewage pond. Fish exposed in the pond for 30, 90, 180, 320 and 360 days were compared with fish of control group. Growth, condition of fish and biomarkers including level of vitellogenin in blood plasma, lipid peroxidation rate, antioxidative activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase were compared. The study proved the environmental impact of STP dischanrge containing pharmaceutical residuals in fish. Significant adaptation of fish to environment of biological pond was observed after 90 days of exposure.
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Monitoring of the pharmaceuticals and pesticides occurrence in the upper part of Blanice river using passive sampling approach
VLK, Pavel
The goal of this thesis was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at the upper part of Blanice river. The spring of the river is located in the Military area Boletice. In this area is minimal incidence of people and minimal land use. It was assumed minimum level of pollution at this part of the monitored area. Higher pollution level was supposed in the downstream part of the monitored area relating to higher population density and agriculture. POCIS passive samplers were used for collecting samples. Analysis were performed by liquid chromatography. There were 201 substances (127 pharmaceuticals, 74 pesticides). The concentrations of 27 substances (18 pharmaceuticals, 9 pesticides) were above the limit of quantification. The lowest level of pollution was found at Spalenec site with total pharmaceuticals and pesticides concentration 83.9 ng. POCIS-1. The highest level of contamination was found at the site Černý stream - 618.9 ng. POCIS-1. However this is only a small stream. The second highest contamination was found in the Rechle site close to the inlet to Husinec drinking water reservoir. Total level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at this site was amounted to 482 ng. POCIS-1. In the upper part of the monitored catchment area is relatively low level of settelment and use of landscape. There is also low level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides pollution. At the Řepešín mill is forestry landscape changing to agricultural landscape and number of inhabitant is rising up. From this site pollution increases considerably in the landscape. This effect was then reflected in our results. Some substances in the environment change its chemical properties and become persistent. Therefore they are present in the landscape long time after their prohibition for using (e.g. hexazinone, DEET). The Husinec water reservoir reduces the amount of contaminants in the water of Blanice river. This effect was more pronounced for pharmaceuticals than pesticides.
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Carbamazepine - a study on the input to surface waters
Hromádková, Lucie ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Anticonvulsant carbamazepine is a pharmaceutical, which is necessary to be taken continuously. Moreover carbamazepine and its metabolites are resistant to microbial degradation and sorption onto sludge in present municipal wastewater treatment plants. Therefore carbamazepine and its metabolites pass through WWTP and are constantly discharged to surface waters. Concentrations of carbamazepine measured in surface waters are too low to cause acute toxicological effects, but chronic toxicological effects or synergic effects with other pharmaceuticals cannot be excluded. Due to its physico-chemical properties carbamazepine is recalcitrant to degradation in surface waters and in soil, thus it infiltrates through bedrock to ground water. So far there is not enough information on behaviour and effects of metabolites of carbamazepine in surface waters. Besides carbamazepine, also other pharmaceuticals are nowadays often detected in surface and ground water and in the soil. Furthermore, as the population grows the consumption of pharmaceuticals increases as does their input into environment. However, given the risks, which pharmaceuticals in the environment entail, it is necessary to reduce additional input of these micropolutants into environment. As pharmaceuticals can enter the environment by many pathways, there...
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The mechanisms of specific polutants impact on aquatic communities.
Vaněčková, Hana ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Hořická, Zuzana (referee)
With a decrease of classic pollution of water ecosystems the importance of PPCP (pharmaceutics and personal care products) increases. Their amount is increasing due to human consumption and thus the input into municipal wastewater and consequently into the surface water, eventually into the ground water increases as well. This bachelor work is a review of scientific literature in the field of PPCP water load. The goal is resuming the results of the studies of the influence of these substances on freshwater aquatic communities. In the beginning the sources of the variability (in time and space) of the concentrations of these substances in rivers are resumed. But the rate of affection of the aquatic communities depends even on the length of exposure, which is longterm with regard to the continuous flow of substances from wastewater treatment plants. That is why the effect of long-term incidence on aquatic communities is intensively studied. The emphasis is put on the incidence of endocrine disruptors (substances disrupting the endocrine system), which affect e.g. the oestral cycle of some kind of exposed populations. There are observed changes in the way of perception of a predator by his prey whereas the escape reactions of the prey happen to be affected. The additive effect of ixtures of...
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