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Paleomagnetic record of basaltic lava flows on Nelson Island, Antarctica
Haislová, Radka ; Kletetschka, Günther (advisor) ; Pruner, Petr (referee)
Paleomagnetism is geophysical method for determination of former magnetic field orientation on the Earth using measurement of remanent magnetisation of rocks. Combined with radiomagnetic datingk paleomagnetism enables study of time evolution of the magnetic field on the Earth and/or reconstruction of former positions of litospheric plates. This thesis is elaborates on paleomagnetic record of basalt lava flow on the Nelson's Island in Antarctica and summarizes geological data. In the research part of this thesis theory of magnetism is introduced and the paleomagnetism method is emphasized. Additionaly, I provide a short review of magnetic minerals, that can occur in basalt. These mineral can potentialy hold some information about the character of magnetic field of the geological past. Radiometric dating methods are included as atool for determination of absolute age of solidification of ingenous rocks (lava). Specifically, the K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating methods are emphasized. The regional section of this thesis conntains geological overview about the Antarctica and the Nelson's Island with its surroundings.Included is a section about the laboratory devices for measuring vector magnetisation of oriented rock samples (for example rotational and cryogenic magnetometer). The thesis is concluded with its...
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Volcanism of Large Igneous Provinces in Earth's history; possible impacts on global ecosystem
Zajícová, Jana ; Holub, František (advisor) ; Rapprich, Vladislav (referee)
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are huge accumulations of magmatic rocks originated during unusually short time and characterized by extremely high magma productivity. Among them, namely the continental flood basalts (traps) cover very extensive areas and may or may not be associated to rifting and breakup of continents. However, also highly voluminous oceanic plateaus were recognized and some authors count to LIPs even some other types of huge magmatic complexes. A large amount of gases is released with escaping magma, usually oxides of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen. These gases more or less have impact on the environment and thus also influence organisms. The formation of magmatic provinces repeated many times in the past. The best known are continental Deccan Traps in India and the most voluminous Siberian Traps. Oceanic LIPs are represented, e.g., by the Ontong Java Plateau in the west Pacific Ocean. There is a link in dating the emergence of large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. As an example, the largest known extinction at the end of Permian, which was broadly contemporaneous with the formation of the Siberian traps (approximately 250 Ma ago), or extensive loss of species on the boundary of Cretaceous / Tertiary, which coincides with the formation of the Dekkan in India (before about 65...
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