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Vliv pratotechniky na druhovou diverzitu a kvalitu polopřirozeného travního porostu
Vaňorková, Veronika
Grasslands represent a significant part (22 %) of the agricultural land fund in the Czech Republic. Grasslands are primarily responsible for production and non-production functions. They have wide ranges of enlargement and are therefore considered to be one of the richest sources of diversity. Variety of non-productive functions, such as anti-erosion or aesthetic function, are associated with species diversity. For the maintenance of grassland, it is essentials to breed, which consists mainly in mowing and fertilizing. The aim of this diploma thesis was to assess the influence of fertilization intensity (non-fertilized, PK, N90+PK and N180+PK) and different intensity of utilization (two- and free-leaf vegetation) on the species diversity and quality of semi-natural grass on the experimental area of Kameničky in years 2016 and 2017. The percentage of agrobotanic groups was influenced mainly by the intensity of fertilization. The ratio of grasses increased with higher fertilizer intensity, but the impact of fertilization on herbs was opposite. PK fertilization appeared to be positive for the representation of clover. A higher number of cuts appeared to be positive for clover and other herbs. The number of species was highest (P < 0,05) in the non-fertilized variant and PK variant. This also coincides with the diversity index, which showed the highest (P < 0,05) values also on these variants. Three-way use appeared to be positive for higher values of diversity indices. Equivalence reached the highest values on the N90+PK variants where more balanced stands were. The production of forage dry matter and the quality of grassland increased along with the intensity of fertilization. Higher intensity of use was seen as a positive impal on average forage solids production.
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Porovnání procesů výroby kukuřičné siláže a siláže ze zavadlé píce
Látal, Vojtěch
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to characterize the biochemical processes and to evaluate the quality in the production of maize silages and silages from wilted fodder. In the literature review, we analyze the factors influencing the quality and health safety of maize silages and silages from wilted fodder. The work refers to the need to keep the correct technological operations to obtain the silage with a high nutrient content and no natural injurants. We evaluated the costs of production of maize silages, lucerne silages and permanent grassland silages. The assessment shows that the production of maize silage is cheaper than the production of grassland silage. High production of the fodder, quality and health safety of fodder is determinated by the right choice of the maize hybrid or lucerne varieties in accordance with given soil and climatic conditions.
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Změny obsahu organického uhlíku a dusíku v půdě při obnovách travních porostů
Kadłubiec, Szymon
In the last 30 years there has been a big change in the acreage of permanent grasslands. Since 1990, the acreage of permanent grasslands has increased by 20% to 1003 thousand ha. Currently, there has been a decrease in the amount of cattle and sheep. Despite this fact, it is necessary to ensure high quality fodder from grasslands in order to assure profitability of farming. Therefore, farmers often opt for restoration. The most efficient way is radical ploughing restoration. This method involves numerous risks for environment. The present thesis examined the influence of radical restoration of grasslands by ploughing on the change in the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and the C:N ratio in the soil. Field experiments were conducted in two locations on the land of National Stud at Kladruby nad Labem, and also in two locations in Oldřichovice near Třinec. In Kladruby, the samples were obtained from both, restored and indigenous grasslands, whereas in Oldřichovice, the samples were obtained only from restored grasslands. The biggest loss of organic carbon (Cox) and total nitrogen (Nt) was noted in Kladruby n.L. in the sandy soil of the original vegetation since the spring of 2016 to the autumn of 2017. In the soil layer of 0-30 cm there was a decrease of the Cox stock in the soil by 58.2 t·ha-1, the stock of Nt in the soil did not change. At the same location and during the same period, the Cox stock of 35,3 t·ha-1 and the Nt stock of 0,1 t·ha-1 fell on the restored vegetation in the soil layer of 0-30 cm. In the clay loam soil in Kladruby n.L. since the spring of 2017 to autumn 2017 there was a decrease of 27,6 t·ha-1 Cox and 1,4 t·ha-1 Nt in soil layer 0-30 cm on the restored vegetation. In the original vegetation, the Cox content decreased by 16.3 t · ha-1 and Nt by 0.4 t·ha-1. In the Oldřichovice over the house area, since the autumn of 2016 to the spring of 2018, the Cox stock fell after plowing in the soil layer 0-30 cm by 7 t·ha-1 and the Nt supply increased by 0.9 t·ha-1. In the Oldřichovice area under the hill, the Cox stock decreased by 39.2 t·ha-1 in the same period and in the same soil layer and the Nt stock decreased by 1.5 t·ha-1. From the point of view of the depth of soil, the largest amounts of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the upper layer of soil were recorded 0-10 cm. The C:N ratio in the restored and natural grasslands was not statistically different. At the same time, after the recovery in this layer of soil, the biggest loss of Cox and Nt occurred.
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The influence of climbing legumes on presence of valuable and weedy species in permanent grasslands
HRAŠE, David
Permanent grassland is a complex of legumes, herbs, and grasses. They are an important plant component of the biosphere. They provide wide range of productive and non-productive functions. Climbing legumes are valuable species in grasslands. They are involved in higher quality of fresh matter and hay. The aim of this diploma thesis is to assess the influence of climbing legumes on the presence and coverage of other higher plant species in grassland, the height and productivity of vegetation in selected localities in the Prachatice district in 2017. The occurrence of legumes (climbing and non-climbing) has a significant impact on other species in the grassland community. The reason is the ability to fix aerial nitrogen and support grass species that require a good nitrogen supply. The obtained data were statistically processed.
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The influence of organic fertilisation on botanical composition, diversity and fodder characteristics of permanent grasslands
KINCL, Petr
In connection with the growing area of permanent grasslands in the Czech Republic, their productive and, above all, non-productive importance is at the forefront. In addition to forage production, meadow stands represent an important component of the environment in terms of biodiversity conservation. The aim of this diploma thesis was to monitor the influence of organic fertilization on land in the cadastral of Cekov and Kařez. Observations were carried out on unheated and organically fertilized localities in 2017. Higher botanical diversity showed unheated land, where the herbal component and clover predominated. There was a higher proportion of grass on the fertilized land. In terms of grassland quality, fertilized plots were best assessed. The data analyzed were statistically evaluated.
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The influence of animal fertilisation and application of ferment on plant species composition of permanent grasslands
LHOTSKÝ, Jan
The presented thesis is focused on the drohové representation of grasses, herbs and weeds on permanent grassland fertilized animál fertilizers and digest with biogas stations. The work is based on intensive observation period from 1. 11. 2014 30. 10. 2015. In the following pages you can read on the use of forage crops in agriculture, about the importance of energy, about the importance of grassland in the landscape, ecology and tourism ventures. Furthermore, the work deals with the care of permanent grass, their formation, choice of suitable forage species in these locations and the choice of species by the use of sward. No small part is gocused on Biogass station, on source substrátes and digest output and its use. The main part of the resolves and deals with the correct handling of the fertilizer, their descriptions, and the importance of the species. There is also a reference concerning the legislation and when it is possible use of the fertilizer, which can be applied, regulas conservation etc. This section describes the results of my monitor three different fertilized grass stands permanently in similar or the same climatic conditions. We can find here describes the variation in account growth, composition, density, yield, guality and fitness for a particular purpose. Unfortunately, there is also a negative effect of weather on described vegetation in the summer of 2015, when we hit the tropical temperatures and drought. For this reason, my observations of very different from other studies, especially in the summer and Autumn period.
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Effect of fertilization and species composition on the quality of meadow fodder
Fučíková, Milena ; Hrevušová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Marie, Marie (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to assess the effect of long-term application of different doses of nitrogen with phosphorus and potassium on proportion of agrobotanical groups, on forage quality and yield of the grasslands vegetation of the type Arrhenatherion elatioris.
Longterm experiment is located near the village of Senožaty (Pelhřimov). This is mesophilous meadow with a predominance of Arrhenatherum elatius. An experiment in the form of random sample of blocks includes six varieties of fertilization: unfertilized control, PK, N50PK, N100PK, N150PK and N200PK. Evaluation of the botanical composition, forage quality and yields of meadow fodder was carried out in the 1st cut, the 2nd cut and the 3rd cut. Composition of grass, legumes and other dicots plants was evaluated by weight method. Qualitative parameters of the forage (crude protein, crude fiber, PDIE and organic matter digestibility) were evaluated by NIR spectroscopy.
The results show that yield of aboveground biomass in the first cut has been twice bigger on plots of nitrogen fertilization than unfertilized control. Variants N50PK to N200PK contained 90 % of grasses, lower than 2 % legumes and lower than 6 % other herbs. Content of crude protein and crude fiber was increased with increasing dose of nitrogen applied. In first cut was highest organic matter digestibility in variants N100PK in comparison with other variants. Yield of dry matter aboveground biomass was half in the second cut compared with the first. On variants N100PK to N200PK was high proportion of grasses and very low proportion of legumes and other herbs. In the second mowing, the highest content of crude protein have been find out in biomass of unfertilized control. The crude fiber content increased with the intensity of fertilization. In the third cut, yield of dry matter biomass was very low, but content of crude protein and PDIE was high. In dry matter biomass in third mowing, content of crude fiber was lowest and organic matter digestibility was highest. Significant correlation between the proportion of individual agrobotanical groups and forage quality were found only in the fiber content of the 1st and 2nd cut and PDIE in forage 3rd cut.
The results of the thesis show that the forage quality, yield of dry biomass and botanical composition of grassland type Arrhenatherion elatioris is most appropriate fertilize 50 kg N.ha-1 with phosphorus and potassium.
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Influence of pasture management and fertilization on forage yield
Panský, Jan ; Hakl, Josef (advisor)
Pastures and meadows are often looked over because of they are minor yields against arable land. Because of it it is common to not care so much about them. The purpose of this research is to compare several ways of care about this pastures (number of grazing animals, manuring) concurrently grazing and find out if it is economically expedient to invest into theyre acreage.
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The mineral content of forage influenced by previous varying intensity grazing
Pavlů, Klára ; Homolka, Petr (advisor) ; Filip, Filip (referee)
The mineral content of grassland is one of the key factors that determine its quality. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal interval for the grazing and the optimal interval for the hay harvest in relation to the nutrient requirements for cattle and determine the dynamics of pasture forage yield and mineral content during the growing season. H0: Previous different grazing intensity has no effect on biomass yield and the mineral content in the following growing season. The experiment was performed on a long term grazing experiment in 2012 -- 2013, where during the growing season biomass samples were taken and subsequently analyzed for minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na). The sampling was carried out in treatments that have been since 1998 at the beginning of June mowed and then intensively or extensively grazed. During the sampling period the access of grazed animals to sampling sites was forbidden. Intensive or extensive grazing in the previous grazing season significantly affected the content of minerals and biomass yields. Especially at the beginning of the growing season the contents of N, Ca and Mg were higher in forage, which was in previous years, intensively grazed. After that, the differences between these two treatments were not significant. Diverse grassland with a higher proportion of herbs contained higher levels of calcium and magnesium. Because of lower K concentrations and higher Ca and Mg concentrations in the fodder there was no problem with tetanus ratio (K/Ca + Mg) by exceeding the limit value of 2.2. The present work shows that the optimal term for hay in mesophilic upland grassland the end of May to mid-June. In this time historically the first cut was conducted. After this period there are revealed such changes in the content of minerals, which significantly deteriorate the forage quality. Therefore, if the first cut after mid-June is postponed then compensatory payments under environmental schemes should progressively compensate financially losses
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