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Analysis of the redistribution of income in the U.S. in the 70 and 80 years.
Jón, Jiří ; Pfeifer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Štekláč, Jiří (referee)
The present thesis analyzes the economic and political measures of United States President Ronald Reagan and their impact on income inequality. Moving away from Keynesian interventionist government action meant a return to the traditional, modernized, neoclassical economics in the foreground with the school supply side. Changing fiscal policy, deregulation, globalization, and the consequences of a change in the factors of demand for labor is the cause of greater poverty for children, African-American and Hispanic households. Using traditional methods of measuring the level of income inequalities prove that the popular Reagan's economic policies have had a positive impact on high-income people, and people with a university degree.
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Institutional equilibrium in redistribution systems
Wawrosz, Petr ; Kadeřábková, Božena (advisor) ; Chytil, Zdeněk (referee) ; Hlaváček, Jiří (referee)
The topic of this thesis is institutional equilibrium, its formation and disruption in human systems. The thesis analyses what is common to the most human systems and concludes that it is some kind of redistribution. That is reason for the thesis title "Institutional equilibrium in redistribution systems". As the term institutional equilibrium comes from institutional economics, the thesis begins with characteristic institutional economy and its differences form mainstream economy, defines the term institution and methodological institutionalism and explains the reasons of institution evolution. Then, the problematic of redistribution is analyzed. The thesis brings a general model of a redistribution system and describes a coalition forming in it. The thesis concludes that such a process must be facilitated and regulated by institutions and that institutions define the negotiation strength of the players and stabilize their position. In a fourth chapter, the term of institutional equilibrium is defined and its preconditions and consequences are described. Factors preventing the redistribution system from reaching the equilibrium are shown. The analysis of institutional equilibrium formation follows; the open and closed systems are addressed separately, with the emphasis being put on open systems. In open systems, the creative destruction process in ever-present, disrupting the institutional equilibrium. Therefore, a question is posed: may there be such a structure of institutions which will stay unchanged despite the ongoing exogenous changes? Or, more precisely, the change of which will not be in the interest of the players? The thesis finds that the preconditions for institutions system facilitating the institutional equilibrium are investments into skills of the players and the open access into the system. The thesis also shows that such preconditions help to reduce undesirable redistribution. The fifth chapter analyses parallel redistribution games as one of the specific way of disturbing institutional equilibrium. The parallel redistribution games have secret character; their players do not want the other players to know about their game, because their game breaches the norms of the majority of players. The parallel redistribution games may be characterized as a form of opportunistic behavior. The thesis investigates the causes of these games, the reasons why they remain uncovered and the strategies of their players. Eventually, the conditions under which the parallel games may be reduced are formulated. The institutions must fulfill these conditions as well. In the end, the institutions structure capable of introducing the redistribution system into the institutional equilibrium state is defined.
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Analysis of the family policy in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic
Vorlíková, Ivana ; Klazar, Stanislav (advisor) ; Bauernöplová, Veronika (referee)
The subject of this thesis is an analysis of the family policy in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. Families with children are supported, either indirectly through tax measures or directly through the state social benefits. The main form of support for families with children in both countries is direct support. There is more emphasis on supporting low-income families in both the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic therefore I devoted a crucial part of my work to this issue. The tax measures and various welfare benefits are defined in the theoretical part. The practical section first deals with the redistribution aspects of the family policy, where the main objective is to determine whether both countries are complying with the redistribution function, followed by the comparison, where differences of supporting families with children in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic are described.
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Individual income tax and its redistributive impacts
Kavková, Petra ; Klazar, Stanislav (advisor) ; Maaytová, Alena (referee)
This thesis analyzes the redistributive impact of the individual income tax over the time. The aim is to analyze and compare the tax burden on taxpayers and the degree of progressivity from 2000 to 2010. During those ten years, several significant changes, regarding the components of individual income tax, had occurred. In particular, there was transition from the standard deduction from the tax base to the tax credits in 2005 and 2005, and then in 2008 a change in the tax base as so-called super-gross wage, the introduction of linear 15% tax rate and in the case of the social insurance to the introduction of the maximum assessment base for employees. In this thesis the requirements for personal income tax are described at first, with focus on equity and related redistribution and measurements of the tax progressivity. The second part of this thesis describes the various structural elements of the personal income tax and their changes in individual years. The final section contains both analysis of the impact of these changes on the average tax rate for individual taxpayers and the degree of progressivity and then comparison of the average tax rate and the degree of progressivity in these ten years.
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Personal income tax and its redistributive impacts - time analysis
Burdová, Markéta ; Klazar, Stanislav (advisor) ; Doležalová, Ivana (referee)
The thesis analyses a redistributive impacts of a personal income tax. Its aim is to find the main tax changes that influence the most an effective tax rate and a tax progressivity from 1993 to 2011. Since 1993 until present day has gone the personal income tax trough many changes, what has affected an income redistribution. The most important changes happened in 2005 and 2006 and also changes in 2008 when came into charge a super-gross wage and linear tax rate. The first part of the thesis describes particular structural element of the tax and tax changes in years 1993-2011. The second part treats the income redistribution, tax equity and describes the tools that measures the tax progressivity. The last part contains an analysis of four model situations with effective tax rate and tax progressivity index.
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On the redistribution of aluminium and carbon in the weld joints of steels in the temperature range 500-1100oC (1,15 wt.% Al)
Stránský, K. ; Million, Bořivoj ; Foret, R. ; Michalička, Petr ; Rek, A.
Measurements of Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, C redistribution in welded joints of unalloyed 12050+1,15Al steel and high alloyed Cr-Ni steel in temperature range 500-1100oC were realised by means of analytical complex JEOL JXA 8600/KEVEX. The C, Al, Cr, Fe, Ni diffusion coefficients were established and the relation among diffusion coefficients were discused.
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