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Analýza energetické bilance intravilánu města pomocí metod dálkového průzkumu Země
ŠOUREK, David
The energy balance of each urban area depends on the specifics of active surface and other complex phenomena. In general, compared to the surrounding rural landscape, dry and impermeable surfaces predominate in urban areas. Different types of built-up areas have various properties determining how distributed solar radiation is. Overall, it is through energy fluxes defined by the sensible heat flux, the latent heat flux of evaporation, and the soil heat flux. Besides, vegetation plays a significant role in the proportions of fluxes. Plants can effectively transform the obtained solar radiation and thus influence the microclimatic situation through the cooling effect of evapotranspiration or other ecosystem services. Nevertheless, the efficiency depends on the state of vegetation and other prevailing conditions (weather, etc.). As the study area was selected the town of Písek. The research took place on two summer and two autumn days using remote sensing and statistical evaluation. The results showed the growing dependence of the latent heat flux of evaporation in localities with a higher vegetation density and a sufficient water supply. High values of surface temperature and sensible heat flux occurred in built-up areas with predominant materials with a large specific heat capacity, i.e. concrete, asphalt, sheet metal, stone etc. These indicators thus defined some problematic types of built-up areas, especially in terms of surface overheating or of the occurrence of local heat islands. Specifically, it was the historic centre, industrial zones and shopping centres. A better microclimatic situation prevailed in the park with a water surface, suburbs and built-up areas of family houses.
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Proposal of project based education on the topic of air-conditioning function of vegetation in the landscape
ŽEJDL, Matěj
As part of this work, the role of the regional vegetation in the water cycle was designed in the project of education. The project was made in a try of the praxis. A part of the education is measuring air temperature and the relative air humidity in the different habitats. Due to this measuring primary school students can see differences between habitats and they can think about the meaning of the project education in the role of the differences in the vegetation and in which way flora is influencing the water. The work is focused on the research of the meteorological and biological conditions suitable for education project management. Work also briefly sums the role of respondents in the Biology lessons and their knowledge of the examined topics made during the lectures. The finding of the primary school student's knowledge was done with the use of questionnaire.
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The role of vegetation in the solar energy distribution and the water cycle in the landscape - an impact of inquiry based education on pupils understanding
BRČÁKOVÁ, Tereza
This article brings the results of the survey aimed on the impact of inquiry based education on the students' knowledge of the role of vegetation in the solar energy distribution and the water cycle in the landscape, which was realized at four schools. The introduction presented the issue of the role of vegetation in the solar energy distribution and the water cycle in the landscape. Further, the bachelor thesis presents problems of inquiry based education, and also implementation of inquiry based science education on this theme in elementary schools education and grammar schools education relating to didactic textbooks. The outcome of the thesis brings the results of the survey made by pretest and posttest forms. From the data collected follows that inquiry based education increases the pupils' knowledge of this topic. Knowledge regarding distribution solar energy by plants is important for understanding water cycle in landscape and evidence based water economy, which can reduce losses of water in a local measure and mitigate subsequent drought.
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Soil evaporation and its controlling factors
Fröhlich, Lukáš ; Slavík, Martin (advisor) ; Mareš, Jakub (referee)
Evaporation is one of the basic members of water cycle, affecting a wide range of natural processes. The importance of the study of evaporation is even greater under conditions of climate change. This bachelor thesis focuses on soil evaporation and its controlling factors. The way in which water moves in porous media is described, and the terms evaporation, transpiration and evapotranspiration are defined. The division of the soil evaporation process into three phases is described and relative evaporation rates characteristic for the different phases are summarized. The relationship between evaporation and the spatial distribution of moisture inside soil is explained. The influence of internal and external factors on the evaporation rate is then described. It is assessed whether these factors contribute to higher or lower evaporation rates and under which conditions this occurs. It is evaluated whether the degree of influence of these factors is constant or whether it varies according to the circumstances and the evaporation phase in which the factors operate. Key words: evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, evaporation phases, flow of underground water, external and internal factors of evaporation
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Approaches to estimate wetland evapotranspiration and the evapotranspiration loss of groundwater from wetlands in the Liběchovka and Pšovka catchments
Pátek, Karel ; Bruthans, Jiří (advisor) ; Slavík, Martin (referee)
This work is dedicated to the study of evapotranspiration in wetlands. The theoretical part is an overview of methods that are used for estimation of evapotranspiration, especially in the wetland environment. The practical part is focused on measurement of evapotranspiration in the wetlands located in the upper part of the Pšovka and Liběchovka river watersheds. Periodical fluctuations of water table and water flow in the stream were observed there due to evapotranspiration. The role of evapotranspiration was dependent on the mean daily temperature and sunshine duration. For the warm sunny days the fluctuations indicated that in the studied wetland the maximal daily evapotranspiration can cause 32 % decrease of water flow in the stream. The evapotranspiration derived from stream flow oscilation reached 86 % of potential evapotranspiration based on Oudin method. Potential evapotranspiration in the Liběchovka wetlands in summer is capable to decrease the discharge of Liběchovka in similar way as groundwater abstraction.
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Water Balance Hydrological Models Method Comparison
Štolfa, Filip ; Bednář, Martin (referee) ; Marton, Daniel (advisor)
In this work, two types of lumped balance precipitation-runoff models were compiled, from which the model taken from the Sicilian regional climate model was subsequently modified and these modifications were compared with other models. The practical application was carried out in the Svratka river basin above the Vír reservoir ending in the final profile of Dalečín. The input data from this river basin were precipitation totals, average temperatures and flows in the final profile, from which the calculation was subsequently performed in a monthly step. The individual models were compiled in two variants differing in the length of the time series and the number of regression coefficients. All assembled models were subsequently calibrated using four calibration criteria, for which the effectiveness was verified during validation by one common criterion. At the end of the work, individual models and calibration criteria are compared.
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Effluent-free treatment plant technology for small wastewater producers
Škarpa, Pavel ; Němcová, Miroslava Pumprlová (referee) ; Kriška-Dunajský, Michal (advisor)
The work aims to find new ways to dispose of wastewater. The theoretical part covers the currently known procedures for the discharge of treated wastewater into surface or groundwater, as well as the balancing of wastewater after previous accumulation. Furthermore, the theoretical part summarises the legislation of the Czech Republic concerning wastewater disposal. The measurement part deals with a new potential option, a sump with upstream water treatment. If the treatment is carried out on the principle of natural wastewater treatment, the volume of water can be reduced by evapotranspiration. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the realistic evapotranspiration of a vertical filter, to find a design methodology for a vertical filter to achieve optimal evapotranspiration and a suitable technological arrangement. Another objective is to use long-term air temperature records available from the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute database. The average daily evapotranspiration measured on the laboratory model reached a value of 4.5 mm/day in September 2021. In March 2022 it reached almost 2 mm/day. The equations for determining the potential evapotranspiration applied in the calculation part of the work achieved the highest agreement of 67.5% with the evapotranspiration measured on the laboratory model and will therefore be further developed to achieve much higher reliability of the calculation.
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Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales
Su, Ye ; Langhammer, Jakub (advisor) ; Hanel, Martin (referee) ; van Meerveld, Hilda (referee)
Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales Ye Su ABSTRACT Climate change, along with the changes in land use and land cover (LULC), is the key factor driving the changes in hydrological processes and dynamics in a basin. This thesis emphasized on understanding the impact of both long-term climate change and abrupt anthropogenic driven agricultural intensification or natural driven insect-induced forest disturbance on hydrological processes and dynamics at varying spatial and temporal scales in two diverting terrestrial environment. Two pattern-based investigations, one case study in a forest region in Central Europe and another in a semi-arid region in Central Asia, were aimed to answer the main research question "what are the responses of hydrological dynamics and the related hydro-geochemical conditions to climate change and certain changes in LULC at a basin-scale?". The long-term hydro-climatic dataset was used for conducting statistical analyses and establishing hydro-climatic modelling at the basin scale. We further conducted process-based studies, attempting to understand how and why the specific hydrological dynamics were altered at smaller spatial and temporal scales: (i) a catchment-scale tracer-based...
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Water retention: water balance of a model area
Kalianková, Kateřina ; Weiss, Tomáš (advisor) ; Vlček, Lukáš (referee)
Water retention in the landscape is a relatively broad topic and the are a number of measures that can be applied to achieve increased water retention. This thesis focuses on water reservoirs and nature- friendly measures in the form of revitalized watercourses. The aim of this work is based on a simplified calculation of the water balance in a model area to determine which of the retention measures is more appropriate for a given situation and conditions. The water balance is based mainly on the calculation of evapotranspiration using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. The first part of the work contains a review of water balance and factors that affect it. The work also deals with selected retention measures and their functions during drought and flood events. The second part contains the calculation of evapotranspiration, determination of water balance, and its evaluation. From the view of the evaporation values, the presented calculations show the deep water reservoirs to be the most advantageous, in which evaporation in the model area is the lowest from all presented situations. The work also points out the importance of evapotranspiration as an element of water balance and recommends determining it for the initial approximation of the local situation during the planning of retention measures....
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General Runoff Water Balance Model of a River Basin
Černý, Vojtěch ; Knoppová, Kateřina (referee) ; Marton, Daniel (advisor)
Modelling of the rainfall-runoff process is one of the basic scientific skills in hydrology. Rainfall-runoff modelling can help to improve water management, handling of the reservoir's storage volume, or also to facilitate adaptation to current climatic conditions. The aim of the diploma thesis is to create a functional rainfall-runoff model on the basis of water balance equations based on the lumped water balance principle of the hydrological model. Several modifications of the general rainfall-runoff model are approached in the diploma thesis. Four types of the daily evapotranspiration determination are used in the calculations. The rainfall-runoff model is compiled from temperature data and precipitation totals in a daily step. The practical application is carried out on a sub-basin of the river Dyje, which is located above Vranov water reservoir. The main output is a series of daily flow rates that were obtained from calibrated rainfall-runoff models. The best rainfall-runoff model takes into account the water from snow cover melting, the value of the Nash Sutcliffe calibration criterion of this model is 0.608. Finally, the hydrological simulation for the period 2021-2060 is performed in the diploma thesis.
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