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EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY OF SUPERCOOLED WATER AT HIGH PRESSURE
Hrubý, Jan ; Hykl, Jiří ; Peukert, Pavel ; Šmíd, Bohuslav
Thermodynamic behavior of supercooled water (metastable fluid water existing transiently below the equilibrium freezing point) at high pressures was subject to many recent theoretical studies. Some of them assume that a second critical point of water exists, related to two liquid phases of supercooled water: the low-density liquid and the high-density liquid. To test these theories, an original experimental cryogenic apparatus is being developed. The volume changes are measured optically in custom-treated fused-silica capillary tubes. The capillaries are placed in a metal vessel designed for pressures up to 200 MPa. The vessel is connected to a circulation thermostat enabling a rapid change of temperature to prevent freezing. A new high-vacuum device was developed for degassing of the ultrapure water sample and filling it into the measuring capillaries. The experiments will contribute to fundamental understanding of the anomalous behavior of water and to applications in meteorology, aerospace engineering, cryobiology etc.
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Phase equilibria of carbon dioxide and methane gas-hydrates predicted with the modified analytical S-L-V equation of state
Vinš, Václav ; Jäger, A. ; Hrubý, Jan ; Span, R.
Gas-hydrates (clathrates) are non-stoichiometric crystallized solutions of gas molecules in the metastable water lattice. Two or more components are associated without ordinary chemical union but through complete enclosure of gas molecules in a framework of water molecules linked together by hydrogen bonds. The clathrates are important in the following applications: the pipeline blockage in natural gas industry, potential energy source in the form of natural hydrates present in ocean bottom, and the CO2 separation and storage. In this study, we have modified an analytical solid-liquid-vapor equation of state (EoS) [A. Yokozeki, Fluid Phase Equil. 222–223 (2004)] to improve its ability for modeling the phase equilibria of clathrates. The EoS can predict the formation conditions for CO2- and CH4-hydrates. It will be used as an initial estimate for a more complicated hydrate model based on the fundamental EoSs for fluid phases.
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“Master and Slave" Fluidic Amplifier Cascade
Tesař, Václav
Paper díscusses mutual matching of two no-moving-part fluidic unvented amplifiers in a two-device module, where small MASTER device, with feedback loop converting it into a small high-frequency oscillator dictates the flow switching in a large powerful SLAVE device. Interest in this configuration was caused by it providing a solution in generation of gas microbubbles. The oscillation frequency has to be high and this calls for small amplifier size - while a the total gas flow has to be large, calling for a large size. The conditions in the circuit is complicated by the need to considerfive terminals in each amplifier.
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Measurement of the impulsive force generated by colapsing bubble close to a solid boundary
Müller, M. ; Unger, J. ; Holata, J. ; Zima, Patrik
The article presents experimental results of the acoustical and optical study of cavitation bubble collapse close to a solid boundary in water. The bubble was generated by discharge of low-voltage capacitor into a couple of wires closing a simple circuit. Different distances from the solid wall and different maximum bubble radii were studied. The bubble radius was studied using time-resolved photography and by PVDF film sensor glued on the solid boundary. The illumination was provided by high-power led diode. Synchronization of the system was provided by pulse generator connected to an oscilloscope. The impact power of the bubble to the wall was estimated from the time-resolved photography of the bubble and from the PVDF film sensor signal. The PVDF film sensor calibration was performed by a pendulum test to estimate the impact force.
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A computationally efficient and accurate numerical representation of thermodynamic properties of steam condensing steam flow in steam turbines
Hrubý, Jan
Mathematical modeling of the non-equilibrium condensing transonic steam flow in the complex 3D geometry of a steam turbine is a demanding problem both concerning the physical concepts and the required computational power. Available accurate formulations of steam properties IAPWS-95 and IAPWS-IF97 require much computation time. For this reason, the modelers often accept the unrealistic ideal-gas behavior. Here we present a computation scheme based on a piecewise, thermodynamically consistent representation of the IAPWS-95 formulation. Density and internal energy are chosen as independent variables to avoid variable transformations and iterations. On the contrary to the previous Tabular Taylor Series Expansion Method, the pressure and temperature are continuous functions of the independent variables, which is a desirable property for the solution of the differential equations of the mass, energy, and momentum conservation for both phases.
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Visualization of synthetic jets at higher stokes numbers
Broučková, Zuzana ; Trávníček, Zdeněk ; Šafařík, Pavel
Visualization of synthetic jets at higher Stokes numbers (S = 90 and 127) by the phase-locked smoke-wire technique is presented and discussed. The working fluid is air. The Reynolds numbers are quantified using hot-wire anemometry. Although our method of visualization essentially provides only qualitative results, the present study also demonstrates some quantitative results, namely the behavior of the zero-net-mass-flux jet near its critical stage. Visualization of the sub-critical stage is also shown.
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Experimental investigation of a control synthetic jet
Němcová, L. ; Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk ; Kopecký, V.
Synthetic jets were used in previous studies to control a continuous round air jet. This study focuses on the single synthetic jet, which is measured using Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Velocity profiles and frequency characteristics of the single synthetic jet are discussed and the velocity maps at frequencies of 30 Hz, 81 Hz and 190 Hz are presented. Finally, velocity, flow rate and momentum coefficients featured the present flow control are evaluated, and examples of actively controlled round air jet are put on. The results confirm efficiency of the present flow control method.
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