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Obstacles to Security Cooperation: The Problem of Maritime Piracy in South-East Asia
Robertson, Shaun ; Michálek, Luděk (vedoucí práce) ; Schottli, Jivanta (oponent)
South-East Asia is the most prolific piracy region in the world which seldom receives any attention from international governments or media alike. The purpose of this thesis is to understand why piracy can exist at such high levels without gaining the attention of other piracy spots such as Somalia and the Gulf of Guinea and how it is combatted in lieu of more international responses seen in those African regions. Various methods and sources have been used to answer this puzzle like qualitative methods through analysing academic articles, international treaties and up to date news in the region. Furthermore, quantitative analysis through piracy statistic databases have been vital to understanding the situation in not only the South-East Asia but Somalia and the Gulf of Guinea too. The geography of the region is constrained by international law creating tight political boundaries in maritime spaces. The consequences of this are that states value protecting their sovereign territory over combatting piracy. Pirates understand this and can cross transnational boundaries to commit crimes and escape where security forces cannot follow due to respecting maritime territorial boundaries. States do not want to give authority for other states to perform security in their territory and this creates a situation...
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Securitised Development and State Authoritarianism in Pakistan: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Ullah, Zafar ; Schottli, Jivanta (vedoucí práce) ; Karásek, Tomáš (oponent)
Since the signing of the US$ 62 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in 2015, Pakistani state officials and mainstream media have presented it as a 'game-changer' project for the country's socio-economic development, especially for the people of Pakistan's southwestern province, Balochistan, and the port city of Gwadar. Besides presenting CPEC as a revolutionary development project, the Pakistani state stamped out local opposition and their concerns regarding the project, especially from peripheral geographies like Gwadar, while linking them with 'international conspiracies' against the project. The presentation of CPEC as a revolutionary project and calling out dissidents as 'anti-state' elements in 'speech acts' of the state officials as well as in the mainstream media led to the securitisation of the project. Consequently, the indigenous people of Gwadar, who have reservations against the project, experienced a dramatic increase in the 'militarisation' of their city along with the 'dispossession' of their homes and livelihoods. While the existing academic scholarship, particularly in Pakistan, explores megaprojects and their securitisation, it remains short of investigating the role of official discourses of mega projects in their securitisation. Therefore, this dissertation will...
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Politicization of Religious (Hindutva) Ideologies Fostering Extremism and Anti Minority Sentiments
Gill, Fateh Singh ; Prina, Federica (vedoucí práce) ; Schottli, Jivanta (oponent)
Despite modernization and globalization being at the forefront of the society, religion still seems to be dominant and evolving concept in response to the expanding international relations. This might be noticed with the global development of religious nationalism. Most religious nationalist parties are characterized with puritanical element that color their political platforms and ways of attaining power. Furthermore, in many nations, religious nationalists argue for economic austerity or severe anti-corruption measures via moral appeals and rhetoric. Lastly, religious politics often reveals a majoritarian nationalism that strives to redefine the society. India merits a more in-depth examination due to its democratic orientation and size. The intersection between religion and politics in India is problematic. The revival of the Bhartiya Janta Party (Henceforth BJP) brought religion back to the forefront of Indian politics. Introducing an alternative nationalism that is not secular in character but rather founded on the idea that Indian and Hindu cultures are the same. The thesis will argue by implementing the secularization thesis and its critical discourse as the theoretical concept and analyses the rise of Hindu nationalism throughout history. As well, explore its evolution from its birth to...
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How think tanks shape discourse: An analysis of China's Belt and Road Initiative in the European Union through a case study of Greece
Fike, Eliza Kathleen ; Schottli, Jivanta (vedoucí práce) ; Fracasso, Andrea (oponent)
Following the Belt and Road Initiative's debut in 2013, member states of the European Union have not agreed on a single approach to handling it. Skepticism can be felt throughout Europe on the topic and especially through think tanks, as Greece becomes a pivotal partner in the Chinese venture. The role of these think tanks is somewhat ambiguous in nature when it comes to examining political discourse. It is established that think tanks are important in the policy- making process for research and recommending strategies. As the world becomes increasingly more complex and uncertain, think tanks have the ability to provide well-analyzed solutions. However, how they shape discourse is up for debate and to what extent they do so. Therefore, in this thesis, think tanks are assumed as functional actors under the securitization theory from a framing perspective that influences topics of debate, such as the Belt and Road Initiative. Although their discourse heavily corresponds with Europe's mistrust of China's economic intentions, as seen with the port of Piraeus, think tanks act as facilitators rather than independent actors for policy change. Thus, this paper will be of interest to students, academics, and political science practitioners.
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Misinformation & Pegasus Project: Case study of India
Khurana, Aditya ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Schottli, Jivanta (oponent)
This thesis analyses the mainstream media's reporting around Pegasus spyware in India and the subsequent formation of revisionist networks showing solidarity with news circulated by mainstream media on social media. This research on news media coverage of misinformation spread around Project Pegasus in India classifies and clusters misinformation supplied by the mainstream media through their reporting. Next, the thesis explores the emergence of revisionist social media networks from such coverage as a response to the call to action in the mass media. The case study method allows the author to offer focused insights into the misinformed mass media's coverage of the issue. K means clustering is used to identify different narratives in the news report dataset, followed by text mining using Voyant Tools to summarise the narratives. Social Media Analysis is done to identify and bring forth the revisionist hashtags deployed by the mainstream media to further their narrative. The findings of the project highlight that considerable parts of the population are aware of notable misinformation around Pegasus spyware. However, this understanding did not translate into the call for action by the media houses across social media (Twitter). The weak correlation between Indian media reports and social media...
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Systems in the subcontinent: Data, power, and the ethics of medical machine learning in India
Jayadeva, Smera ; Schottli, Jivanta (vedoucí práce) ; Prina, Federica (oponent)
Absract The disruptive effects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4) have the capacity to rapidly alter the course of India's social and economic progress. For the healthcare sector, plagued by poor infrastructure and latency, advances in big data computing and Machine Learning (ML) can have a transformative impact. However, in a socio-political landscape marred by historic hierarchies of exclusion and disparity, the data-driven technology of ML may serve to mechanise and automate social divergence based on class, caste, sex, religion or region. The research frames the issue of medical ML in India as one of lethal biases and data privacy. Through an analysis of the two, the ecosystem of such technology has been brought to light. As instances of bias in ML systems reveal more about social hierarchy and discrimination than they do technological prowess, the dissertation aims to evaluate the ethical dimensions of medical ML in India. Technology is found to not only mediate the actions of individuals but also power dynamics of human and nonhuman actants within the social whole. Notwithstanding the challenges of integrating medical ML in India, the research highlights the ethics of design and the ethics of use to ameliorate the risks of machines with lethal consequences. With a focus on the Indian subaltern,...
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The impact of COVID-19 on gendered approaches to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) in Indonesia
Pate, Ethan Lloyd ; Schottli, Jivanta (vedoucí práce) ; Aliyev, Huseyn (oponent)
The COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a global crisis that defies comparison in modern memory. As governments rush to respond to the ongoing public health crisis, funds and focus on non- traditional security efforts, such as gendered preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) projects have risked falling by the wayside. This is made all the more troubling because periods of strife such as the pandemic provide fertile environments for violent extremist groups to grow. The novel nature of this phenomenon has meant a lack of substantial research on the gendered impacts of the pandemic on violent extremism and P/CVE. As such, this project seeks to address two research questions through the case study of Indonesia. This project firstly seeks to answer how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted gendered radicalisation drivers and motivations in Indonesia? Moreover, what has been the impacts of the pandemic on gender- sensitive P/CVE programming in Indonesia? The data for this project was collected through the conduction of key-informant semi-structured interviews with members of civil society stakeholders in Indonesia's gendered P/CVE space and a thematic document analysis of publications from various reputable entities. The information gather was then analysed through the lens of Wickham, Capezza...
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