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Retreat in Multiculturalism Policies? A Case Study of Sweden's Integration Policy in the Aftermath of the Migrant Crisis of 2015
Budathoki, Sunaina ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent) ; Paterson, Ian (oponent)
In the last few decades, the multiculturalism backlash has manifested in Europe. Too often, the discourse on multiculturalism has been deemed a result of misguided policies. In the autumn of 2015, the entry of asylum seekers reached an unprecedented level with approximately 100,000 individuals requesting asylum in a span of just three months. As a result of the extraordinary flow of asylum seekers and insufficient domestic preparedness, Sweden implemented temporary legislation on providing permanent residence and family reunification. This change in legislation was met with vast criticism as a retreat from multiculturalism towards an assimilationist model of integration. At the same time, the far- right anti-immigration political party, the Sweden Democrats were gaining a stronger support base and changing the political landscape of the country often commended for its reception of refugees, openness and officially declared multicultural policies. Was there really a retreat in multiculturalism in Sweden as an aftermath of the Migrant Crisis? Was this retreat rhetorical and/or at a policy level as well? This research examines Sweden's integration policies post-2015 based on Stephen Castles' theoretical underpinning regarding policy reactions to immigration and an eight-part framework designed by Will...
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From Indigenous Peace to Sustainable Peace: The Role of Indigenous and Afro-Colombian Environmental Defenders in Building an Environmentally Sustainable Peace in Colombia (2016-2020)
Garrido, Mariana Antunes ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Hardman, Helen (oponent) ; Ludvík, Jan (oponent)
The issue of land distribution and of managing natural resources has always been a source of social-environmental disputes in Latin America and in Colombia. It was partly those disputes, when combined with unfathomable inequalities, that originated the armed conflict between the FARC and the Colombian Government - a conflict that only saw its official end in 2016. Even though the Peace Agreement was the fruit of a participatory? process which rendered the land issue as the top-one priority and even included an Ethnic Chapter, the end of the armed conflict did not exactly mean the start of peace for ethnic communities. Using non-violent ancestral techniques of mobilization, resistance and negotiation (such as mingas; protests; self-defence groups; making formal judicial complaints etc), environmental defenders have been struggling to advance what they call 'integral peace' - an holistic concept in which peace is only achieved and sustainable if human rights and social justice for ethnic communities are inseparable from the protection of the Madre Tierra. Drawing from concepts such as direct, structural and cultural violence, from 'local turn' theorisations of 'indigenous peace' and 'everyday peace' and the concept of 'emancipation', this research project analyses what has been the role of afro and...
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The securitization of environmental migration by the European Political Right
Nilsen, Simen Agnalt ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Kay, Rebecca (oponent)
Prevailing assumptions on the environment-migration nexus suggest that environmental change will cause mass migration to the Global North. However, critics point to its poor empirical precision and lack of conceptual clarity (White, 2017; 175) (Boas et al., 2019). Recently, the European political right, often associated with climate skepticism, has increased its engagement with environmental politics. With stronger competition from green parties, numerous news-stories and commentors now speak of the environment as the political right's new "battleground". Yet, few (if any) have systematically and empirically inquired into the intersection between the political right's inclination to securitize immigration and the environment-migration nexus. This study intervenes using securitization theory exploring the extent to which the European political right has securitized environmental migration. The discourse analysis of the conservative right (British Conservative Party) and the far right (Rassemblement National [RN]) between the years 2012-2021, results in a focused discovery indicating an increasing tendency to securitize environmental migration among the political right. This tendency is comparatively stronger among the Conservative Party. The conclusion hypothesizes that the political right will...
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The bureaucratisation and professionalisation of security in INGOs: Security-risk management from the perspective of field workers
Cottin, Johanna Luise ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Kučera, Tomáš (oponent)
Based on eight in-depth interviews conducted with humanitarian workers working in high-risk areas, this research examines the impact of bureaucratisation and professionalisation of INGOs on their security-risk management. Whereas twentieth century theorist have argued that bureaucracy and professionalisation increase efficiency in public institutions, this research has found that it also impedes on the delivery of humanitarian aid. The increased bureaucratisation and professionalisation of tasks in INGOs has created tensions between different hierarchical levels. In particular, field staff perceives the growing bureaucratisation of security risk management as a coercive and controlling tool used by headquarters to monitor their work at field level. At the same time, field staff have developed strategies to counter restrictive measures to retain independence and autonomy in their security-risk management. These tensions reflect the evolution of the humanitarian sector and the evolving drive behind aid delivery. This research thus contributes to debates around the securitization of the humanitarian sector and the implementation of efficient security risk management. 1. Cover of the book Saving Lives and Staying Alive by M.Neuman and F. Weissman (2016)
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