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Role of interaction between circadian and immune system in development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Honzlová, Petra ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Okuliarová, Monika (referee) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Disruptions within the circadian, metabolic, and immune systems contribute to the onset of metabolic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes. This doctoral thesis aimed to examine the mutual interactions between these three systems in relation to the development of metabolic disorders. The circadian system regulates a variety of mammalian physiological processes. On the molecular level, the circadian clock is in individual cells maintained by a complex of interconnected transcription-translation feedback loops. The circadian system is hierarchically organized, consisting of the central circadian clock residing within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and of peripheral oscillators found in various organs and tissues, including the pancreas and compartments of the innate immune system such as macrophages and microglia. The central circadian clock synchronizes the peripheral oscillators via multiple pathways, including feeding- related metabolic changes to which some of the peripheral oscillators are highly sensitive. Misaligned feeding can thus induce dyssynchrony between individual peripheral oscillators. Our results show that a reverse restricted feeding (rRF) regimen, when food is available only for a limited time during the resting period of the day, has distinct effects on the circadian clocks in...
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The Effect of Stress on the Pathology of Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Zacharová, Bianka ; Vodička, Martin (advisor) ; Petr Hermanová, Petra (referee)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of IBD is rapidly rising, most notably in recently industrialized countries. One of the factors contributing to the pathophysiology of these diseases, although often overlooked, is psychological stress. Stress can induce relapses and it can exacerbate IBD through multiple mechanisms affecting the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. This then results in low-grade inflammation, impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function, and dysbiosis. From the immunological perspective, stress causes mast cell degranulation and shifts in macrophage and T cell differentiation. Both animal models and humans with IBD have significantly altered microbial profiles in their gut, which can be further worsened after undergoing stress. Knowing that brain-gut interactions are bidirectional, IBD is often comorbid with neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly with depression and anxiety. This phenomenon was observed not only in cohort studies but also in murine models, where colitis is often associated with depressive-like behavior. While the exact mechanism causing the development of these comorbidities is unknown, multiple factors are speculated to play an important...
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Fabrication and characterisation of plasmonic antennas on selected thin film with aim to get enhanced absorption due to presence of strong coupling
Vodička, Martin ; Kepič, Peter (referee) ; Liška, Jiří (advisor)
Strong coupling systems offer many important applications in various fields such as photonics, chemistry, nonlinear optics and others. This Bachelor's thesis focuses on the fabrication of metal plasmonic structures suitable for the formation of strong coupling between localized surface plasmon antennas and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) thin film phonons in the infrared region. In the case of inducing a strong coupling, an increase in absorption should occur, which makes it possible to use this system to fabricate an infrared detector, the so-called microbolometer. The thesis summarizes important findings from electromagnetic field theory, describes the formation of strong coupling from the perspective of classical physics and gives examples of systems with strong coupling. Furthermore, the formation of surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons (LSPs) is theoretically described. Plasmonic antennas, their fabrication, applications and physical properties of hBN are described. In the practical part of the thesis, fabrication of plasmonic antennas under or on hBN thin film has been realized. The fabricated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the spectral response was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the spectra, the absorption of hBN at 7.3 m was confirmed and additional transmittance minima corresponding to the presence of antennas were detected. The presence of a strong coupling between the LSPs antennas and the phonons of the native SiO2 layer was probably observed. Whether there was a strong coupling between the LSPs antennas and the hBN phonons cannot be inferred from the the obtained results.
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The influence of gut microbiome on NAFLD development
Herbstová, Kateřina ; Horáková, Olga (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
The composition of the intestinal microbiome (i.e. the set of microorganisms living in the intestines) can significantly contribute to the overall function of the host organism, its state of health and the development of diseases. The aim of this works is to describe the possible connections between the gut microbiome and the development of NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). NAFLD is a disease caused by excessive storage of fat hepatic cells not due to alcohol abuse.
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Fabrication and characterisation of plasmonic antennas on selected thin film with aim to get enhanced absorption due to presence of strong coupling
Vodička, Martin ; Kepič, Peter (referee) ; Liška, Jiří (advisor)
Strong coupling systems offer many important applications in various fields such as photonics, chemistry, nonlinear optics and others. This Bachelor's thesis focuses on the fabrication of metal plasmonic structures suitable for the formation of strong coupling between localized surface plasmon antennas and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) thin film phonons in the infrared region. In the case of inducing a strong coupling, an increase in absorption should occur, which makes it possible to use this system to fabricate an infrared detector, the so-called microbolometer. The thesis summarizes important findings from electromagnetic field theory, describes the formation of strong coupling from the perspective of classical physics and gives examples of systems with strong coupling. Furthermore, the formation of surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons (LSPs) is theoretically described. Plasmonic antennas, their fabrication, applications and physical properties of hBN are described. In the practical part of the thesis, fabrication of plasmonic antennas under or on hBN thin film has been realized. The fabricated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the spectral response was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the spectra, the absorption of hBN at 7.3 m was confirmed and additional transmittance minima corresponding to the presence of antennas were detected. The presence of a strong coupling between the LSPs antennas and the phonons of the native SiO2 layer was probably observed. Whether there was a strong coupling between the LSPs antennas and the hBN phonons cannot be inferred from the the obtained results.
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The role of intestinal microbiota in the development of Alzheimer's dementia
Hakenová, Kristina ; Valeš, Karel (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Preserving health at a higher age depends on the function of biological homeostatic systems (neural endocrine and immune activities), where the biological interaction between these systems and the intestinal microflora plays a key role. One of the most serious diseases associated with aging is Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and it is the most common cause of dementia in the world. This disease is accompanied by cognitive impairment associated with accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary fibres in brain tissue. Naturally, biological changes occur during the process of aging, resulting in reduced functional capacity of the organism, accompanied by an increased risk of inflammatoryprocesses involved in the etiology of several chronic, pathologies, including neurodegenerative processes. These modulatory processes are associated with oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis. It is already well documented in the scientific literature that significant changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota occur in aging. These changes can lead to several biological changes, including increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, thereby causing the increased penetration of many biologically active substances into the body. This may be a risk factor for the development of inflammation in both...
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Forced swimming test and mechanisms of depression
Janďourková, Pavla ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Depression is a severe psychical disorder belonging to affective disorders. Nowadays, it belongs to the most common psychical disorders and prevalence is between 5 % to 16 %. An animal research is essential to study mechanisms of depression. One of the models of the depression uses a forced swimming test in the animal research. Even though this test does not claim to model depression in all complexity, it has very predictive validity and mostly it is used to assess effects of antidepressant (on the basis of observation of changes in the behaviour of the experimental animals). The aim of this thesis is to review the neural mechanisms of depression and to compare them with mechanism which can be applied in the forced swimming test and affected by the antidepressants. Key words: forced swimming test, depression, neurotransmitters, antidepressants, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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The effect of prefrontal and posterior parietal lesion on behavior in behavioral tests of spatial cognition
Vodička, Martin ; Telenský, Petr (advisor) ; Svoboda, Jan (referee)
The effect of prefrontal and posterior parietal lesion on behavior in behavioral tests of spatial cognition In this thesis we examined the effect of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex lesions on rat behavior. Medial prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory, behavioral flexibility and coding of spatial goals. Rats were tested in carousel maze in room frame reversal task and consequently in arena frame task on dark arena. We observed, that the lesion of medial prefrontal cortex did not disrupt the reversal learning task, but the rats were impaired in initial learning of the task. No difference was found in arena frame task. Posterior parietal cortex has a role in attention processes and takes part in processing spatial information and long term memory. Rats with bilateral lesion of posterior parietal cortex were tested in battery of tests on carousel maze (reversal learning, double avoidance) and in Morris water maze (distal landmark version and modified version with intramaze landmarks). Lesioned animals were impaired in carousel maze task in reversal learning of room frame represetation. This effect was confirmed in double avoidance task, where lesioned animals had more entrances into room frame than the controls. In Morris water maze task, lesioned animals were impaired in intramaze...
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Use of dynamic environments in the study of spatial memory
Staňková, Anna ; Svoboda, Jan (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Spatial memory allows movable organisms to orientate and stay therefore alive in an environment. At the beginning of previous century general rules of spatial memory were studied in static experimental conditions. Today's goal is to extend knowledge about its function also in dynamic environment. As a part of declarative memory, spatial memory depends on proper functionality of hippocampus. Hippocampus is considered to be centre of spatial memory not only because of spatial impairment when damaged, but also thanks to presence of place-specific neurons in several areas of hippocampus. In research of spatial memory experimental mazes are used with possibility to manipulate with orientation cues, maze itself and surrounding conditions. It is possible to make one-shot changes or continual changes. It could be rotation of cues and landmarks, transition of maze across the room, rotation of maze etc. Tasks in dynamic environment are more demanding on cognition and so spatial orientation, which makes them more sensitive to damages of spatial memory. This could be the way of using them as a diagnostic method in medicine.
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