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Effect of linoleic and α-linolenic acidis in pig nutrition on quantity and quality of intramuscular fat of pork with emphasis on the n-6/n-3 PUFA-spectrum
Vehovský, Karel ; Stupka, Roman (advisor)
Human nutrition is a function of nutrients' intake from food. The essential nutrients needed by the human body to produce energy, growth and repair of cells, tissues and organs and which accepts in the human diet, are fats. They are obtained from plant or animal sources. Especially animal fats are often ranged among the unpopular food components. Czech Republic is a country with traditionally high consumption of pork. Recently, about healthy foods greatly increase the interest. These include some animal products having an altered composition of fatty acids in fats. The content and composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition are important for protecting of human health. The high content of saturated fatty acids in foods and unfavorable ratio between the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may be the cause of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. Fats in the diet should contain saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in a ratio of about 1: 1.4: 0,6. From a health perspective, the most important are the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animal fats, however, contain sufficient n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, however, a little. Pork meat quality from the viewpoint of fatty acids composition is currently not very favorable. Significant effects on the fatty acids profile of animal fats have the fats in the feed. It is thus the possibility of by using the diet to influence the composition of fatty acids in the fat in pig. The work is focused on the possibility of influencing the fatty acids composition of pork intramuscular fat using supplementation of different sources and different feeding techniques of unsaturated fatty acids in the feed in pigs. In the experiment, as a source of unsaturated fatty acids the supplement of the rapeseed or soybean oil was used. The results demonstrate that the above unsaturated fatty acid sources significantly changes the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat.
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The analyse of Charollais catlle breeding
Šebestová, Eva ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The aim was to create a literary recherche about breeding of meat breeds and add to it a small rating sample of selected indicators of meat production in the selected Charolais herd. The values were determined based on regular weighting coming out of a yield control (birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days of age). The results were processed into charts and tables disaggregated by sex to be clear.
The theoretical part is dedicated to the analysis of a breeding of Charolais meat herd. It focuses on the description of housing in summer and winter, nutrition of cows throughout a year, mating and calving of cows, general organization in a herd.
The monitored herd of Charolais meat breed belongs to the agricultural company, which is located in Telč near Jihlava. The main business is crop and livestock production. Crop production is mainly focused on cereals, oilseed rape and maize silage. In livestock production dominates breeding of a Holstein breed and milk production. Meat herd is located in the village Rozsíčka, which lies near Telč.
At the time of observation were in the herd in total 37 pieces, including 29 cows and 8 heifers. In a calving season 37 calves were born alive and a weighing was done on a total of 35 pieces in all age categories. From this number were 17 heifers and 18 bullocks.
Based on detected data individual weights were compared and leveled within the herd by sex and then compared with averages of an evaluated yield control over the country.
The average birth weight for heifers was 37 kg, which coincides with the national average of 37.4 kg and the average birth weight for bullocks is exactly equal to the average in the country, namely 40 kg.
The average weight recorded by heifers at 120 days of age was 176 kg and 186 kg by bulls. Both values are above average compared to the whole republic. At 210 days of age heifers with the average weight of 267 kg and bulls with 282 kg are below average of the republic. Daily gain from birth to 210 days of age was by heifers 1.1 kg and 1.16 kg by bulls.
Furthermore, number of births were avaluated in each month. Heifers were born mostly in April from the whole period, a total of 10 pieces. By bulls a number of births is distributed evenly among all months compared to heifers. Overall, it can be determined that the greatest frequency of calving falls on the first third of summer feast, especially on April.
From the results is meat yield of the herd rated as above average. The main influence on the achieved values has a culling which is consistently performed for fertility, easiness of births, milkiness of mothers. Further, from a smaller herd point of view it is assured enough of quality food throughout a year.
From a reproduction point of view a very long period of time falls on a calving and that impairs an organization of a breeding.
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Effect of internal factors on milk production and quality
Zvonař, Miroslav ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The theoretical part of my bachelor's thesis was focused on describtion of milked breeds of cattle and its breeding technique and technology, as well as diet and feed. I was trying to expleain effect of some inner factors such as genetic factors, health condition, reproductive indicators, lactation number and mastitis, on milk production and its quality. In practical demonstration, held in the Meclovska zemědělská Ltd. company on the farm Srby, the influence of these inner factors on milk production and its quality was observed.
Firstly, the research was focused on milk constituents proportions: protein, fat percentage and the number of somatic cells. Secondly, it was focused on performance evaluation during normal lactation, the age of the cattle when first calving, meantime, insemination interval and post partum interval. Data were found in the cattle performance inspection results from January 2015 to December 2015.
On this particular farm Srby, there are circa 660 cows of the Holstein cow breed. In this reported period the average volume of milk was 10 400 kg during normal lactation with the percentage of proteins 3,44 % and 3,84 % fat. The average amount of somatic cells was 354 thousand in 1 ml of milk.
Randomly chosen group of 100 pieces of cattle was selected for further research. The group was divided into two groups of 50 pieces of cattle. In the first group there were 50 first calf cows and in the second group there were cows on the second or higher level of lactation. The first group of first calf cows managed to produce in average of 9 521 kg of milk with 3,86 % of fat and 3,36 % of proteins. The average amount of somatic cells in 1 ml of milk was 72 thousand. In the second group consisted of cows on second or higher level of lactation, there were different results as the average milk production was higher 11 790 kg with average of 3,75 % of fat and 3,35 % of proteins. There was significantly less somatic cells in 1 ml of milk. The result was surprisingly great with 46 thousands somatic cells in 1 ml of milk.
First calf cows during the first calving were 741 days old on average. The average insemination interval in the first group of first calf was 72 days long and the average post partum interval was 102 days long. In the second group of cows on higher lactation level the average meantime was 396 days. The average insemination interval was 80 days and the average post- partum interval was 117 days, which is quite long and it could be implying to bad result, but we should consider high efficiency of observed dairy cows.
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