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Simulation of processes predicted by theory of frozen plasticity
Nekola, Ondřej ; Flegr, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Ponížil, Petr (referee)
The question of the tempo of evolution is amongst the oldest conundrums in evolutionary biology and has not been satisfactorily answered yet. One of the attempts to do so is the frozen plasticity theory, which postulates that a sexually reproducing species is only capable of evolution within short periods of time after its genetic polymorphism decreases e.g. as a consequence of peripatric speciation. In the longer periods of evolutionary stasis, its evolution is limited by frequency- dependent selection and pleiotropy. In this work, I have produced an open source software simulating the respon- ses of populations of sexually reproducing individuals to varying environmental conditions. Using this software, I simulated evolution of populations with different probabilities of arising of alelles affecting more phenotypic traits and frequency- dependent selected alleles that have opposing phenotypic effects when present at the locus in one copy, respectively two copies. I observed trends predicted by the theory of frozen plasticity: slower adap- tation to instant environmental changes, lower achieved fitness and more frequent extinctions of populations with higher portions of investigated types of alleles, but only with low effect sizes and without statistical significance. For future research, it would be desirable...
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Language policy of Spain
Nekola, Ondřej ; Čermák, Petr (advisor) ; Zavadil, Bohumil (referee)
Spain is a multilingual state. There are four official languages: Spanish (espanol = castellano), Galician, Basque and Catalan. Spanish is the official and compulsory language of al1 regions of the Spanish state. Catalan is, besides Spanish, the officiallanguage in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. Basque is, together with Spanish, the official language of the autonomous community cal1ed the Basque Country and Galician is the officiallanguage in Galicia. The citizens of Catalonia are the only ones of al1 the autonomous communities of Spain who are obliged to know both of their official languages. In other mentioned autonomous communities the knowledge and use of the second language - besides Spanish - is regarded as a right. Since each of the enumerated autonomous communities has two official languages, it signifies that these regions are bilingual. In other regions which have not been mentioned the official language is only Spanish, therefore they can be described as monolingual.
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Simulation of processes predicted by theory of frozen plasticity
Nekola, Ondřej ; Flegr, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Ponížil, Petr (referee)
The question of the tempo of evolution is amongst the oldest conundrums in evolutionary biology and has not been satisfactorily answered yet. One of the attempts to do so is the frozen plasticity theory, which postulates that a sexually reproducing species is only capable of evolution within short periods of time after its genetic polymorphism decreases e.g. as a consequence of peripatric speciation. In the longer periods of evolutionary stasis, its evolution is limited by frequency- dependent selection and pleiotropy. In this work, I have produced an open source software simulating the respon- ses of populations of sexually reproducing individuals to varying environmental conditions. Using this software, I simulated evolution of populations with different probabilities of arising of alelles affecting more phenotypic traits and frequency- dependent selected alleles that have opposing phenotypic effects when present at the locus in one copy, respectively two copies. I observed trends predicted by the theory of frozen plasticity: slower adap- tation to instant environmental changes, lower achieved fitness and more frequent extinctions of populations with higher portions of investigated types of alleles, but only with low effect sizes and without statistical significance. For future research, it would be desirable...
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Language policy of Spain
Nekola, Ondřej ; Zavadil, Bohumil (referee) ; Čermák, Petr (advisor)
Spain is a multilingual state. There are four official languages: Spanish (espanol = castellano), Galician, Basque and Catalan. Spanish is the official and compulsory language of al1 regions of the Spanish state. Catalan is, besides Spanish, the officiallanguage in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. Basque is, together with Spanish, the official language of the autonomous community cal1ed the Basque Country and Galician is the officiallanguage in Galicia. The citizens of Catalonia are the only ones of al1 the autonomous communities of Spain who are obliged to know both of their official languages. In other mentioned autonomous communities the knowledge and use of the second language - besides Spanish - is regarded as a right. Since each of the enumerated autonomous communities has two official languages, it signifies that these regions are bilingual. In other regions which have not been mentioned the official language is only Spanish, therefore they can be described as monolingual.
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