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Advancing efforts to improve sanitation conditions: insights from India
Ficek, František ; Novotný, Josef (advisor) ; Roubík, Hynek (referee) ; Chakraborty, Saurav (referee)
Inadequate sanitation is a significant global challenge, impacting the lives of billions of people. It has serious implications for human health and impedes progress towards development targets. Among the countries most affected, India stands out, having until recently recorded an especially low percentage of the population practicing hygienic sanitation. In response to previous underperformances of national-level campaigns, the Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission in 2014, as the largest sanitation program worldwide, with the goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019. This dissertation project, initiated in 2016, aims to examine sanitation change in India. Through contextually sensitive case studies it analyzes national sanitation policies and trends in sanitation interventions. The research involved analyzing the situation in rural Jharkhand through repeated cross-sectional household surveys supplemented by qualitative interviews with the data collection conducted in 2016 and 2019. Additionally, the research included a qualitative study examining the perspectives of practitioners on a specific sanitation intervention and a comparative study of national sanitation policies implemented in India and Ethiopia. The research revealed that the Swachh Bharat Mission...
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Factors influencing sanitation conditions in developing countries: insights from Ethiopia and Cambodia
Humňalová, Helena ; Novotný, Josef (advisor) ; Lustigová, Michala (referee) ; Roubík, Hynek (referee)
Hygienic sanitation - the safe disposal and management of human excreta - is central to public health and has multiple non-health benefits. While its importance is recognised in global and national strategies, there remains a significant gap in achieving the sanitation targets set out in the Sustainable Development Goals. This thesis aims to investigate and understand the sanitation situation and its determinants in rural Ethiopia and Cambodia, with some attention to India for comparison. It includes the introductory text and four published academic articles. The research undertaken in this PhD project included the analysis of field-level data previously collected in rural Cambodia, participation in the design proposal, fieldwork, analysis and presentation of findings from research conducted in rural Ethiopia, and a comparative analysis of sanitation policies implemented in Ethiopia and India. The mix of research areas and designs enabled the study to address drivers of sanitation that operate at multiple levels - from the level of individual choices and behaviours to the level of communities and national policies. The research findings revealed an important role for contextual variations in the physical and social environment, including the negative effects of remoteness (both physical...
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Detection algorithms of moving objects
Novotný, Josef ; Mikulka, Jan (referee) ; Marcoň, Petr (advisor)
This work deals with detection methods of moving objects. This thesis contains a research of available solutions for further implementation on the Raspberry Pi using the OpenCV library. The aim of the thesis is to realize a module that is capable of detecting and recognizing moving objects in the sky. Required objects can be detected in static or dynamic mode. In the theoretical part of the thesis are methods divided into motion detection, object detection and object recognition. In the practical part were for detection of undesired objects selected a background subtraction method and the localization of significant ORB points. Haar feature-based cascade classifiers was for recognition of learned objects chosen. In the practical part, methods were of computational difficulty and detection success tested. The result is an automatic detection device that allows to watch and distinguish unwanted objects in the sky.
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Fusion of drone sensors for motion planning
Semerád, Jakub ; Novotný, Josef (referee) ; Janoušek, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with drone flight planning in an unknown environment. In order for a drone to be able to perceive its environment, it must be equipped with the necessary sensory equipment. This thesis discusses possible sensor equipment suitable for flight coordination and collision avoidance. Also, software for sensor data processing and drone motion planning are described and used here. LiDAR and depth camera were used for the experiment in this thesis. In the experiment the data from both sensors are fused together through ROS software and displayed in RViz simulation environment. This data are suitable for subsequent use in drone motion planning and collision avoidance.
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Detection of Pilot Inattention
Novotný, Josef ; Mekyska, Jiří (referee) ; Smékal, Zdeněk (advisor)
This master thesis deals with the issue of pilot inattention and proposes a design of a system for detecting inattention of general aviation pilots. Inattention belongs to one of the human-caused errors that currently contribute to the most common causes of aviation accidents. The theoretical part deals with the definition of inattention, compares different aviation categories based on flight rules, and contains a search of detection methods. The practical part of the work deals with the selection of suitable sensors, data collection, and implementation of detection algorithms. In this thesis, two different approaches were chosen. The first implementing machine learning using the RUSBoost classifier, which detects states of attention and distraction. The second approach represents the design of a system for detecting pilot inattention based on a set of rules specified in the CLIPS expert system.
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Obstacle Avoidance System
Dražil, Jan ; Raichl, Petr (referee) ; Novotný, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with methods for the problem of navigation and movement of autonomous vehicles between obstacles. The thesis first describes in general terms algorithms for motion planning and obstacle avoidance. Then, the thesis discusses the PX4 firmware for UAV control. The thesis proposes a custom obstacle avoidance algorithm designed for UAVs. The sensor used for obstacle detection is a stereo camera. This algorithm was implemented in Python using the ROS framework and tested in the Gazebo simulation environment. The results are discussed.
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What about geography? External validity of evaluations of development interventions focused on labour market inclusion of youth in low- and middle-income countries
Šíma, Adam ; Novotný, Josef (advisor) ; Latečková, Barbora (referee)
This bachelor thesis examines the external validity of development interventions, particularly those related to the labour market inclusion of youth in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of the thesis is to examine and evaluate how experimental studies, particularly Randomized Controlled Trials, take into account the geographical context and how this is reflected in the interpretation and application of their results. A secondary aim is to explore possible new approaches to conducting systematic reviews using Artificial Intelligence. The thesis looks in detail at complex interventions and their relationship to geographical context. The empirical part focuses on the extent to which evaluations of interventions aimed at labour market inclusion of youth in low- and middle-income countries perceive these interventions as complex and how they deal with issues of external validity. The thesis reveals that many studies inadequately address and report on external validity, limiting the applicability of their findings in other contexts. This finding highlights the need for a complex approach to evaluating development interventions and points to the importance of a deeper understanding of different contextual factors to enhance external validity.
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Experiencing Parenthood in the Global South Countries: Exploratory Research of Everyday Experiences
Kahleová, Diana ; Novotný, Josef (advisor) ; Medová, Nikola (referee)
The thesis examines the everyday experiencing of parenthood in the context of Global South. The aim of this study is to explore the practices and experiences of specific parents and to find out which factors have impact on the differences between them in a certain space. Among others, the study is inspired by perspectives of everyday geography and feminist geographies, and it aspires to reflect on the inequalities via examined topics. There are four main topics studied in this research: division of childcare, child feeding, changing children' diapers and mobility of parents with children. Trough examining them the paper tries to highlight role of the space. The study focuses on parents of newborns and toddlers, i. e. the first three years of parenthood. The data collection was done by conducting semi-structured interviews with 23 parents in total with experiences with parenthood from 15 different African, Asian and Latin-American countries. The study has an exploratory character and follows the methodological principles of the Grounded theory. Through constant comparison of knowledge based on the answers of the interviewees and also the context of "developed countries" (mostly related to the Czech Republic) the thesis examines factors which impact experiencing parenthood in the context of the...
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Motion activated measurement module with wireless interface
Novotný, Josef ; Krajsa, Ondřej (referee) ; Havránek, Zdeněk (advisor)
This semestral project deals with the selection of a suitable MEMS mechanical motion sensor with verylow power consumption. The market research is mainly about sensors that can be activated by motion. Project also contains description of motion activation function of the sensor ADXL362. Project also contains verification of datasheet data of the sensor ADXL362 for the motion activation. Further It also includes a market survey of microcontrollers with ARM Cotex M4 core. Furthermore, the wireless transmission via Bluetooth is tested and a measurement unit is designed and implemented. At the end of the thesis are achived results summarized.
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