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Quotas in politics as a way to obtain equality between the sexes?
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Vargovčíková, Jana (referee)
The main purpose of this text is to answer a question whether quotas in politics create conditions for obtaining equality between the sexes. Women's consistent underrepresentation in legislatures constitutes a democratic deficit and quotas are suggested as a possible means of attaining women's equal participation in political decision-making. Arguments for and against quotas will be showed. Quotas are aligned with several concepts - a politics of presence, descriptive representation and differentiated citizenship. It will be also explained why the unequal distribution of the unpaid labor of the family is a major obstacle for women to gain equality in politics. It will be described what types of quotas are actually applied, what are the effects of gender quotas in terms of numbers as well as the empowerment of women and under what conditions are women politicians able to make use of their positions as elected politicians. Attention will be paid to some years of experience with the implementation of quotas in Africa, whether the inclusion of women in politics furthers democratization and interests of women. South Africa will be showed as a country in which gender quotas are applied with success. In contrast negative effects of quotas in certain political system and context will be pointed out.
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Gender quotas in politics
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Znoj, Milan (referee)
The main claim of my thesis is that demand of higher representation of women in politics and calling for quotas are legitimate. This claim is based on theoretical framework of descriptive and group representation. Essentialism is rejected in the line of reasoning in favour of more women in politics. Instead, current disadvantage of women and social and institutional barriers are pointed out. Although there are no common women's interestes, equality issues are predominantly placed on the political agenda by female politicians. Besides gender stereotypes the biggest obstacle for women in politics are their own political parties because they nominate few women and they do not place them at the top of candidate lists. Civic Democratic Party before election to Chamber of Deputies in 2013 was an example of the concept glass cliff when women get to leadership positions in the context of crisis. Quotas are based on mistrust of gradual development. Efficiency of quotas depends on how many political parties use them and in which position in parlament these parties are. The order of candidates on the ballots is also important. Nowadays there is a proposal of legislative quotas which would be obligatory for all political parties.
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Debate about woman's quota in Czech politics
Kotlasová, Lucie ; Slačálek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Kos Mottlová, Markéta (referee)
The main subject of this thesis is the attitude of political parties to the implementation of gender quotas and their approach to feminism as well. The thesis looks at the differences between the opinions of individuals, for example, whether there is a different approach between men and women. Also another important aspect is the influence of the European Union and for example the divergent approach of the politicians of the particular parties in the EU, compared to their Czech counterparts. The context of this issue is the historical development of feminism in Czech Republic, ir in Czechoslovakia, which is important for understanding the current state. The stigmatization of feminism, which has its roots in the 1990s, is reflected in both public and political views today. The second contextual level is the public's attitude, which is also influenced by the anti-feminist wave, and I believe that whose views reflex our political representatives. I look at different approaches and opinion levels on the background of two proposals for gender quotas that have been debated in Parliament since 2009.
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Debate about woman's quota in Czech politics
Kotlasová, Lucie ; Slačálek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Kos Mottlová, Markéta (referee)
The main subject of this thesis is the attitude of political parties to the implementation of gender quotas and their approach to feminism as well. The thesis looks at the differences between the opinions of individuals, for example, whether there is a different approach between men and women. Also another important aspect is the influence of the European Union and for example the divergent approach of the politicians of the particular parties in the EU, compared to their Czech counterparts. The context of this issue is the historical development of feminism in Czech Republic, ir in Czechoslovakia, which is important for understanding the current state. The stigmatization of feminism, which has its roots in the 1990s, is reflected in both public and political views today. The second contextual level is the public's attitude, which is also influenced by the anti-feminist wave, and I believe that whose views reflex our political representatives. I look at different approaches and opinion levels on the background of two proposals for gender quotas that have been debated in Parliament since 2009.
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Gender quotas in politics
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Znoj, Milan (referee)
The main claim of my thesis is that demand of higher representation of women in politics and calling for quotas are legitimate. This claim is based on theoretical framework of descriptive and group representation. Essentialism is rejected in the line of reasoning in favour of more women in politics. Instead, current disadvantage of women and social and institutional barriers are pointed out. Although there are no common women's interestes, equality issues are predominantly placed on the political agenda by female politicians. Besides gender stereotypes the biggest obstacle for women in politics are their own political parties because they nominate few women and they do not place them at the top of candidate lists. Civic Democratic Party before election to Chamber of Deputies in 2013 was an example of the concept glass cliff when women get to leadership positions in the context of crisis. Quotas are based on mistrust of gradual development. Efficiency of quotas depends on how many political parties use them and in which position in parlament these parties are. The order of candidates on the ballots is also important. Nowadays there is a proposal of legislative quotas which would be obligatory for all political parties.
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Quotas in politics as a way to obtain equality between the sexes?
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Vargovčíková, Jana (referee)
The main purpose of this text is to answer a question whether quotas in politics create conditions for obtaining equality between the sexes. Women's consistent underrepresentation in legislatures constitutes a democratic deficit and quotas are suggested as a possible means of attaining women's equal participation in political decision-making. Arguments for and against quotas will be showed. Quotas are aligned with several concepts - a politics of presence, descriptive representation and differentiated citizenship. It will be also explained why the unequal distribution of the unpaid labor of the family is a major obstacle for women to gain equality in politics. It will be described what types of quotas are actually applied, what are the effects of gender quotas in terms of numbers as well as the empowerment of women and under what conditions are women politicians able to make use of their positions as elected politicians. Attention will be paid to some years of experience with the implementation of quotas in Africa, whether the inclusion of women in politics furthers democratization and interests of women. South Africa will be showed as a country in which gender quotas are applied with success. In contrast negative effects of quotas in certain political system and context will be pointed out.
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The representation of women in local politics
Vaverová, Simona ; Vargovčíková, Jana (advisor) ; Kos Mottlová, Markéta (referee)
(anglicky) This bachelor thesis will deal with the question of political representation of woman in Czech local politics. Statistically, more women can be found at the local level of politics than at the parliamentary level of the Czech republic. The question of this thesis is going to answer who are these women, involved at the lowest level of politics. Qualitative research will allow us to determine their starting point politically, their ambition, and the barriers they face in their ascent up the political career. Comparative analysis of three towns that are distinct from each other in a variety of ways. This exercise will make it possible to both make generalization from the results as well as the simultaneously discover whether the representation of women in different types of towns is affected by more localized factors as well.
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Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in calves reared indors and in hutches.
MOTTLOVÁ, Markéta
On two farms in a two-year period (spring 2005,autumn 2005, spring 2006, autumn 2006) calves faecal samples from the rectum or from the floor were obtained for parasitologic examination. A total of 560 samples from 209 calves were examined using the floatation method in Sheather's sugar solution. In positive samples the presence of Giardia intestinalis cysts, Cryptosporidium parvum, C. andersoni and Eimeria spp. oocysts was found. The infection by C. parvum was the highest from the 1st to the 3rd week and the infection by C. andersoni was the highest from the 7th to the 8th week of the calves age. In both breedings Coccidia Eimeria spp. was the most diagnosed, followed by G. intestinalis. With calves bred in stables by two a higher probability of parasitic infection was detected (46,9 %) compared to breeding of calves in outer individual boxes (17,6). The excrements of the calves were mainly of pasty or even of mushy consistence and the prevalence of the parasites was in most cases diagnosed in single infections.
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