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Epidemiological study of obesity in populations of different racial, cultural, economic and dietary background
Zelenková, Miroslava ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Martin, Martin (referee)
Cílem práce bylo zjistit a zhodnotit, zda provedení adjustabilní žaludeční bandáže (bariatrická léčba) u morbidně obézních pacientů (BMI>35) vede k signifikantnímu snížení hodnoty BMI a dále na základě vybraných kritérií zhodnotit současnou situaci v oblasti obezity ve světě. Byly stanoveny dvě hypotézy: H1: provedení adjustabilní žaludeční bandáže morbidně obézním pacientům vede k signifikantnímu snížení BMI a hypotéza H2: existují rozdíly v hodnotách BMI v závislosti na geografick&eacu te;m původu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišnostech. Sledování se uskutečnila v klinickém centru ISCARE I.V.F. a. s. v Praze na pracovišti Centra pro léčbu obezity. Byla statisticky zpracována a zhodnocena data 159 obézních pacientů (BMI>35) operovaných v rámci bariatrické chirurgie metodou adjustabilní gastrické bandáže (věk, pohlaví, stupeň dosaženého vzdělání, hodnota BMI před operačním výkonem, 1. týden po operaci, 1 měsíc po operaci, 3 měsíce po operaci, 6 měsíců po operaci, 1 rok po operaci a komplikace související s výkonem a léčbou) a dále data WHO o hodnotách BMI podle geografického regionu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišností.
Hypotéza H1 byla potvrzena. Po adjustabilní žaludeční bandáži dochází u pacientů k statisticky významnému poklesu (P<0,05) hodnoty BMI (ze 42,27 - + 5,58 na 35,13 - + 6,0). Pokles hodnoty BMI není závislý na věku pacienta ani na pohlaví pacienta, avšak je signifikantně (P<0,05) ovlivněn stupněm dosaženého vzdělání. Nejlepších výsledků bylo dosaženo u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných pacientů. Procento komplikací (4,4%) po operačním zákroku bylo vzhledem k počtu provedených zákroků nízké. Také hypotéza H2 byla potvrzena. Byly prokázány rozdíly v z& aacute;vislosti na geografickém regionu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišnostech. První místo v dosažené hodnotě BMI zaujímá Severní Amerika, naopak nízké hodnoty BMI vykazují státy Subsaharské Afriky, u evropské populace byl zjištěn vyšší BMI u mužů nežli u žen v porovnání se zbývajícími hodnocenými oblastmi. Muži Severní Ameriky zaujímají první místo svou hodnotou BMI, zatímco u žen je to Střední Východ a Severní Afrika. Byl zjištěn pouze statisticky nevýznamný nárůst BMI v jednotlivých oblastech světa. Existuje signifikantní rozdíl (P< 0,05) v hodnotách BMI mezi ekonomicky vyspělými a ekonomicky méně vysp ělými státy. V ekonomicky méně vyspělých zemích existují rozdíly mezi BMI žen a mužů, kdy ženy mají průkazně vyšší (P< 0,05) hodnoty BMI oproti mužům. Obecně nejvyšší BMI vykazují státy s křesťanskou kulturou, poté státy s kulturou islámskou a nakonec státy ovlivněné buddhismem a hinduismem. U ekonomicky méně vyspělých států je dosahováno nejvyššího BMI u křesťanských států, naopak z ekonomicky vyspělých států mají nejvyšší hodnotu BMI státy s islámskou kulturou.
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Genetic Diversity of Semi-captive Population of Western Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in Senegal and Phylogenetical Relationships between Western Derby Eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant Eland (T. d. gigas)
Zemanová, Hana ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
Representatives of family Bovidae are subjects of many studies concerning with their phylogeny, phylogeography, time of divergence or genetic diversity. Taxonomy is solved by comparison of morphological characteristics or by genetic approaches, genetic diversity could be solved by pedigree or by genetic analyses too. Tragelaphinae number nine species of two genera, Tragelaphus sp. and Taurotragus sp. The antelopes of the genus Taurotragus (T. derbianus and T. oryx) belong to the largest antelopes of the world. Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) has two subspecies, Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant eland (T. d. gigas), which are distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics. Western subspecies (T. d. derbianus) is classified as critically endangered. There lives the only population in Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal, which numbers fewer than 200 individuals. For the conservation, the semi-captive breeding programme has been established in 2000. It was created by six founders (one male and five females), which are presumed to be non-related. The population within this programme had 95 living individuals in 2013, living in seven herds in Bandia and Fathala reserves in Senegal. The population is under breeding management, which efforts to minimize kinship of the individuals. Studbook was established for the Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) in 2008 and is published annually. It acts about small population with low number of founders and no gene flow, which is threatened by inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic diversity of the population was evaluated by means of microsatellite markers and the results were compared with the results of pedigree analysis. Pedigree analysis showed the highest genetic diversity in the generation of founders (FOUNDERS). It decreased in the generation of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 1; born in season 2007/2008), due to the fact, that the only male took part in the reproduction. And it increased again in the generation of offspring of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 2; born in the season 2009/2010), because more individuals were included into the reproduction. Fifteen individuals and five polymorphic microsatellite loci (from the total number of 13 tested loci) were chosen for the genetic study. The parameters of genetic diversity (HE and HO, Ar and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and FIS and FST) were evaluated. Not any deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found out. The results of genetic analysis confirmed the highest genetic diversity in the population of founders (Ar = 2.79; HE = 0.664; HO = 0.750; FIS = --0.154). In both generations of offspring values of allelic richness and observed and expected heterozygosity decreased (Ar = 2.15; HO = 0.580; HE = 0.586 in OFFSPRING 1 and Ar = 2.14; HO = 0.370; HE = 0.480 in OFFSPRING 2). Contrary to the results of pedigree analysis, there was not been observed any improvement in OFFSPRING 2. The resultant values of genetic diversity parameters were quite satisfactory, despite of the low number of founders and mating of related individuals.
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Influence of common eland (Taurotragus oryx) meat composition on its further technological processing
Kolbábek, Petr ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor)
This dissertation has been proposed as a part of long-time wide research conducted on farmed elands (Taurotragus oryx) at university farm at Lány. This thesis is planned to be closely connected with the study of influence of the nutrition and diet to the growth and meat composition and quality. Eland meat is traditionally considered as tasty and nutritionally valuable, but in fact the knowledge on the eland meat composition and technological processing potential is limited. The research will be focused on the analyses of physical and chemical properties of meat with emphasis on the influence of the diet and age of animals on the meat. Next part of the work will be to experimentally produce meat products (e.g. pâté, fermented salami) and evaluate theirs physical, chemical and organoleptic properties. The most of the analysis are planned in cooperation with Department of agriculture products quality on Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources.
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The Evaluation of Reproduction in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) and the Possibilities of Using Non-invasive Methods for Detection of Heat and Pregnancy
Fedorova, Tamara ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
Camels are important husbandry animals which are also often bred in zoological gardens. Unfortunately, camels in European zoos are not usually trained and pregnancy diagnosis in a half-tamed camel is very difficult. Moreover, information of the maternal behaviour of camels is limited. This thesis reviewed current knowledge on camel husbandry, reproduction and behaviour and aimed to 1) examine non-invasive methods of heat and pregnancy diagnosis from urine and saliva in camels kept in zoological gardens; 2) explore their maternal and suckling behaviour; 3) describe experiences with artificial rearing of camel calves. The research into non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis was carried out from 2010 to 2012. Urine from 14 camel females kept in four European zoological gardens was collected and tested using two chemical tests -- the Cuboni reaction and barium chloride test. The Cuboni reaction was significantly (p < 0.01) affected by the pregnancy status of female camels, and its accuracy increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the period leading up to parturition. The barium chloride test did not provide reliable results. Next, the saliva of five adult female camels was sampled for more than one year and concentrations of progesterone (P4) and oestradiol (E2) were measured. The concentrations of P4 (n = 312) and E2 (n = 310) were both significantly (p < 0.0001) affected by the pregnancy status of the animals. Maternal and suckling behaviour was observed from 2003 to 2009 in six zoological gardens, and the presented study includes partial data from this period. Allosuckling (i.e. when a female nurses a non-filial offspring) was described for the first time in camels and it represented 8.58% of all suckling bouts. The non-filial calves suckled more often in the lateral position and preferably joined the filial calf when suckling, so the results support the 'milk theft' hypothesis (stealing of milk) as a main cause of this behaviour. Finally, calf rearing in the Prague zoological garden was summarised and two camel calves were successfully artificially reared. This PhD thesis concluded that 1) the Cuboni reaction with urine and salivary P4 and E2 measurements are suitable methods for pregnancy diagnosis in half-tamed female camels; 2) allosuckling is relatively common in captive Bactrian camels; 3) the artificial rearing of camel calves with a calf milk replacer can be successful.
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Malnutrition in Adolescent Girls in Ghana
Darko, Abigail ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Ivana, Ivana (referee)
Malnutrition is one of the major health issues challenging sub Saharan Africa of which Ghana is included. Good nutrition in adolescent girls is important as it helps to determine the health status, physical growth and later progress in life. Proper nutrition is the right of every child for developing essentially and having a quality life. The issue of malnutrition does not only affect the nutritional status of an individual but also impede the economic and social development of a country. The adolescent girls of today are future potential mothers of very country, it of upmost importance that their wellbeing is greatly considered both on the household and national. The study was aimed at evaluating the weight and height of adolescents and also assess the dietary intake of the girls
Adolescent girls were selected randomly selected from three basic schools. A total of 120 adolescent age 10-15 years and 120 caregiver were surveyed for the study. Data was collected by administrating pre-tested questionnaires to both the adolescents and their caregivers. Height and weight were measured and dietary intake were obtained using the dietary questionnaire.
The result from the study indicated that there was on significant p (>0.034) on the caregivers knowledge on the BMI of adolescents. Adolescents had normal BMI but were stunted in accordance with the WHO scale. Age 10 had a mean BMI for 15.9 kg/m2 and mean of height of 124.8 cm. Girls who were 11 years had a mean BMI and mean height of 17.3 kg/m2 and 130.1 cm .The mean BMI and height for 12 years was 18.4kg/m2 and 139.4 cm, who were those 13 years had a mean BMI and height of 19 .1 kg/m2 and 144.3 cm. The group of 14 years mean BMI of 18.8 kg/m2 and that of mean height was 145.1 cm, mean BMI and height for 15 years was 18.4 kg/m2 and 149.6 cm. Diets lack diversity, carbohydrate was the most consumed food commodity. This may contribute to nutrient deficiency. It is recommended that there should be a nationwide awareness on malnutrition in adolescent girls.
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Fleas of dogs and cats - possibilities of prevention in different geographical conditions
Vodenková, Gabriela ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Alica, Alica (referee)
Fleas are worldwide distributed parasites with a capability of transmitting dangerous diseases and causing many other problems to animals and humans. Bachelor thesis was focussed on the possibilities of prevention on flea infestation, these seemingly innocuous insects. Based on available sources of scientific and professional literature were briefly summarized general findings about their biology, furthermore flea-borne diseases were chosen and described, especially dangerous zoonoses. Attention was dedicated to monitoring and factors, which influence their transmission in the evironment. Questionnaire survey was oriented on veterinarians and breeders and evaluating expenditures for prevention and treatment on flea infestation, when at breeders expenditures amounted c. 500,-Kč. Veterinarians was mentioning expenditures for prevention around 800,-Kč and on therapy even 1500,-Kč for dogs and cats treatment in a calendar year. Preference of medicines registered at the Czech market of breeders and veterinarians was congenerous. In the most cases they congruently chose products from farmaceutical companies Bayer, Merial and MSD. Breeders chose antiparasitic collars and spot-on application form, while veterinarians prefered spot-on and peroral tablets. Gained results of the questionnaire survey can help breeders with choosing and application of efficient antiparasitics designated for preclusion of transmission of fleas and ticks of dogs and cats in the evironment.
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of available antiparasitics for selected animal species
Halda, Ondřej ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Alica, Alica (referee)
This thesis was conducted as a literature review with research. On the basis of available resources, the theoretical part of the research was focused on describing the most frequently occurring endo and ectoparasites of dogs in the Czech Republic followed by partitioning antiparasitic veterinary drugs, based on their dosage forms, the active chemical bases and spectrum of activity. Objective of theoretical part was to get a a comprehensible list of registered products available in the Czech Republic, to facilitate the work of breeders and dog owners with the selection of antiparasitic veterinary drugs. Own research of the thesis focused on the evaluation of preferences for selecting antiparasitic products for dogs in the Czech Republic, dealt with collecting data through a questionnaire survey and followed by evaluation, result of which could be formulated actual requirements of veterinarians and breeders in the area of antiparasitic drugs. The data from two types of questionnaires that were distributed to fifty respondents from each group were compared. One type of questionnaire was designed for veterinary surgeons and sekond for dog breeders. The goal of this research was marketing research and evaluation of the results, followed by recommendations for manufacturers and distributors of veterinary medicinal products for which these data are useful to improve the sale and supply of drugs for the treatment. The resulting data show the main selection influencing preference anthelmintic veterinary surgeons was efficiency, price of veterinary drug and dosage form. Dog breeders make decisions on the basis of prices and the recommendations of the attending veterinarian. In the category of antiectoparasitic drug, veterinarians prefer efficacy and spot-on application form. Dog breeders follow the price of the product and efficacy.bio-security in the Czech Republic.
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Microscopic methods designed to morphological proof of selected parasite species
Puldová, Nikola ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Alica, Alica (referee)
Parasites are a global health problem, and not only in developing countries. Therefore, it is important to ensure early prevention and correct diagnosis of parasitic diseases due to the rising incidence of imported diseases. This bachelor thesis was conducted as a literature review and dealt with microscopic methods which are mostly used in parasitological practice. On the basis of available resources, theoretical part is divided into two parts. The first dealt with the history, principles and preparation of samples for microscopy, the second was focused on the morphology of the seven selected parasitic species from three major groups of parasitology- protozoa, helmints and arthropods. Due to the large scale of parasites, there were chosen most important representatives affecting humans and with the imag on global health with possible zoonotic potential. In the experimental part were created photographs of selected species, using Bresser brand light microscope for it´s practical demonstration. Own part of the work dealt with the evaluation of photographs taken by light microscope and it´s comparison with electron microscopy in terms of demand and their use in practice.
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The importance of carnivores in the transmission of zoonoses in Asian countries
Čermáková, Klára ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Alica, Alica (referee)
This thesis was conducted as a literature search on the basis of available sources of scientific and technical literature were summarized data on the biology and epidemiology of selected veterinary epidemiology of zoonoses, which significantly affect the health and quality of life in Asian countries. The work also describes the prevalence of particular diseases, their clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and eventual treatment. Emphasis was placed on two serious diseases-the zoonoses: rabies and echinococcosis, whose expansion in Asia is everywhere present, but less is to draw attention to their severity. Bachelor lever was divided into two parts. The first concerned the general introduction to the topic selected zoonoses and their biology. In the following part of the work focused on describing the epidemiological or epidemiological situation of the disease in individual Asian countries, the prevalence and prevention programs targeted at the suppression or eradication of these diseases in Asia.
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The importance and use of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in veterinary medicine
Lešnerová, Olga ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Fernández Cusimamani, Eloy (referee)
Bachelors thesis mainly discussed the findings which are related to significance and potential utilization of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in veterinary medicine. We could appoint an antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, positive effects on the cardiovascular system or treatment of skin diseases. Sea buckthorn could be also used in animal nutrition. For feeding purposes were mainly used leaves and residues after pressing juice and oils. The work also included informations about plant morphology, cultural management, harvesting, yield and processing. In a separate chapter were mentioned substances which were contained in various parts of the plant. Thanks to them, seabuckthorn is so familiar recently. Its potential is primarily in the use of bioactive substances in the field of medicine. In the last part of the thesis were created diagrams that showed quantity of selected substances contained in sea buckthorn fruits/juice and oils. For comparison were chosen vitamin C for fruits, vitamin E and carotenoids for oils within two subspecies H. rhamnoides L. subsp. rhamnoides and H. rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis. The amount of extracted substances were often influenced by the used technology. In a detailed study and comparison of literature sources, it was found that for the subspecies H. rhamnoides L. subsp. rhamnoides literature indicates the quantity of vitamin C with a median of 229,5 mg/100 g, the content of vitamin E in the seed oil with a median of 351,8 mg/100 g and for pulp oil 147,5 mg/100 g. The carotenoid content in seed oil came with median 16,25 mg/100 g, for pulp oil it was 265 mg/100 g. Subspecies H. rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis had the median value of vitamin C 1038 mg/100 g. For vitamin E in seed oil was the median value 119,3 mg/100 g, in pulp oil it was 171 mg/100 g. The median for carotenoids content in seed oil was 32,5 mg/100 g, the value for pulp oil was 282 mg/100 g. It will be necessary to ensure the subsequent research analysis about substances, especially in the field of veterinary medicine.
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