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Evolution of the interpretation and application of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in the context of security policy of Japan
Kraus, Lukáš ; Kysela, Jan (advisor) ; Syllová, Jindřiška (referee) ; Zbíral, Robert (referee)
Evolution of the interpretation and application of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in the context of security policy of Japan Abstract The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze an important constitutional and legal issue, which is the interpretation of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in light of the changing security policy of Japan, with particular emphasis on the passage of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's controversial legislation in 2015. In addition to historical models of governance, the thesis describes the debate over the constitutional text and shows that while Article 9 was intended to be a safeguard against the re-militarization of Japan and the recurrence of wartime horrors, with new challenges, the United States sought to rebuild Japan's armed forces. Japan's LDP-dominated governments, however, citing the Cabinet Legislation Bureau's strict interpretation of Article 9, largely resisted these pressures, leaving security to its American ally and focusing on economic development. Radical constitutional reinterpretation and constitutional revision was hindered not only by the rigidity of the constitution but also by the structure of the political system, in which the proponents of the norm of antimilitarism had a significant role to play. The end of the Cold War, however,...
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The regulation of lobbying in the CR - recommendations based upon foreign experience
Kraus, Lukáš ; Wintr, Jan (advisor) ; Ondřejek, Pavel (referee)
Lobbying regulation in the Czech Republic - recommendations based on international experience Summary Lobbying is a natural part of contemporary globalized world, where political interests meet intensively with the economic and other private interests. In order to strengthen the principles, especially transparency and responsibility, some countries adopt lobbying regulation. The USA, Canada, Poland, Hungary, Lithuania and the EU institutions approach to lobbying in some aspects in the same way, in many other aspects they approach to it very differently. Different historical and socio-economical experience of these entities has, often substantial, influence on the differences of their regulation approach. The Czech Republic shares with many mentioned countries the experience of post- communist state, which does not have long democratic political culture and which has many problems with corruption in the public decision-making process. Lobbying regulation under Czech conditions is therefore necessary for raising transparency and responsibility of politicians. During the preparation of the future regulation, it is necessary to respect recmmendations of the international organizations and to thoroughly analyze experience of other states. The necessary parts of the future law should be especially: clear...
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Futenma - a challenge for the U.S.-Japanese alliance
Kraus, Lukáš ; Karásek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kolmaš, Michal (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the crisis of two important allies, Japan and the US, which began in relation to the negotiation during the rule of the Prime Minister Hatoyama about the relocation of the controversial Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, which is located on the Okinawa Island. This thesis firstly reconstructs the historical context of the U.S.-Japan alliance and the role of the bases in it. The importance of the peace movement, which is still a vocal player of the Okinawa events today, is also mentioned. Then this paper examines the feature of the bases, especially of the Futenma Air Station. Another key part of the paper is made by description of the processes, which targeted reducing of the burden of Okinawa people, caused by the presence of the bases on Japanese ground. The Futenma became the main symbolof these negotiations. In it main part, based on the level of analysis concept, this thesis provides the analysis of the negotiations of the three actors of the 2009-2010 crisis - the Prime Minister Hatoyama and his cabinet, who came out of the elections with the programme of changing the government system (seiken kōtai) and the revision of the former Futenma Henoko relocation plan; the Obama administration, which persisted on the Henoko plan; and the people of Okinawa, who are...
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