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The effect of synthetic oxytocin on motherhood
Jendrisková, Blanka ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (referee)
Oxytocin falls into the group of hormones, the synchronisation of which is very important for a correct procedure of childbirth. It is a hormone that has both peripheral and central effects. Its synthetic version belongs to the group of uterotonics, which are used in obstetrics. Synthetic oxytocin is administered both to induce labour or accelerate it directly in its course and after delivery as a prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. However, synthetic oxytocin administered in this way may affect the initiation of breastfeeding and further postpartum adaptation of both mother and child. For example, impaired primitive neonatal reflexes in newborns or greater propensity to postpartum depression in mothers have been observed following administration of synthetic oxytocin.
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Visual attention to faces in intersexual and intrasexual selection
Pátková, Žaneta ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee) ; Stirratt, Michael (referee)
This thesis focuses on visual attention towards faces in intersexual and intrasexual selection. It consists of two main parts. The first part begins with a brief overview of the intersexual and intrasexual selection mechanisms. Within the framework of intersexual selection, facial attractiveness is discussed, with its putative link to health and immune system function. Within the framework of intrasexual selection, the thesis focuses on perceived facial dominance and formidability and their connection to actual characteristics. Moreover, specific facial traits and morphological features connected with judgements of attractiveness, dominance, and formidability are described. Given the scarce evidence of direct visual attention towards facial features connected with judgements of facial attractiveness and dominance or formidability, we discuss the eye-tracking method, which can measure direct visual attention. A brief summary of eye-tracking studies focusing on visual attention to faces, especially during attractiveness and dominance assessments, is provided. Finally, the thesis focuses on how individual sensory modalities (visual, olfactory and vocal) relate to each other in the perception of individuals and the detection of cues to an individual's quality. The second part of this thesis includes...
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Development of olfactory abilities in children
Pípalová, Aneta ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (advisor) ; Stopková, Romana (referee)
There is some interindividual variability in olfactory abilities and awareness of smells among humans, which can also be observed in children. Previous studies have shown a variety of factors that affects olfactory abilities, awareness and their development such as culture, diversity of olfactory environment, age, gender, verbal fluency or temperament. Olfactory abilities are measured using various psychophysical tools (identification, discrimination, sensitivity), and olfactory awareness is measured by metacognitive tests (e.g. the COBEL questionnaire on children's use of smell) that are adapted to children's cognitive and linguistic abilities. In this bachelor thesis, I summarize the available literature on the development and differences in children's olfactory abilities and awareness and the factors that affect them. Keywords: olfactory development in children, olfactory abilities, odour awareness, interindividual variability
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The effect of olfactory training on olfactory abilities
Mazánek, Daniel ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (advisor) ; Brothánková, Pavlína (referee)
Almost one fifth of the population experiences olfactory dysfunction. It influences everyday life from socialisation skills to career paths. Existing treatments are usually expensive and with little effect. Recent therapy for olfactory recovery called olfactory training consists of long term periodic sniffing of chosen odourants. This thesis shortly guides the reader through the human olfactory anatomy and the problematics of olfactory dysfunction. It introduces a therapeutic method of olfactory training, its methodology and the effect it has on general olfactory abilities and neuroplasticity. It also provides a critical view of the existing studies as well as implications for the future and discusses the mechanisms behind recovery.
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Amateur first aid knowledge of selected pupils of an elementary school
Fialová, Jitka ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Kovaříková, Miroslava (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to analyse the level of amateur first aid knowledge of pupils from grades 6. to 9. at a particular primary school in Dobříš. To achieve this, I utilised partial goals, through which I was trying to find out whether the knowledge of grade 8. pupils of the chosen school was influenced by the fact that there are no lessons taught about theoretical amateur first aid in grade 7. Further, I was trying to establish, if grade 9.pupils have better knowledge of the problem compared to grade 6.pupils; and what grade 9.pupils of the chosen school know about amateur first aid. I was also interested in the fact whether there was any difference in the knowledge of this field between girls and boys. My thesis consists of a theoretical part, in which I researched the given problematic with the help of academic resources, handbooks and other sources. The keystone of the second part, the practical one, is a questionnaire, through which I surveyed the knowledge of the pupils, and then analysed the collected data. The conclusion is made up of general and actual oucomes for subsequent pedagogical application, not only for me, but also for out school.
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Perception of individual variation in body odour in human adults
Fialová, Jitka ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Schaal, Benoist (referee) ; Stopka, Pavel (referee)
The thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces the topic of human chemical communication and reviews current evidence on individual variation in human body odour and its perception. This part is framed by sexual selection theory. In the first chapter, the concept of the theory of communication is introduced followed by a discussion on the specifics of chemical communication. Next, the formation of individually specific body odour signatures with reference to skin glands, their volatile products and the subsequent metabolization by skin microflora is described. The next chapters are dedicated to selected interindividual body odour cues such as sex and kin recognition, genetic compatibility in genes of Major Histocompatibility Complex, and health and reproductive status in a mate choice context. Furthermore, interactions between perfumes and body odours are discussed. Finally, methods of body odour sampling are introduced and a rationale behind presenting individual samples or body odour blends is discussed. The second part is comprised of six scientific papers, specifically three reviews and three empirical studies. Review papers summarize factors affecting human body odour quality with emphasis on diet and affective states. The first text shows that human body odours contain cues to...
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Sex differences in olfactory identification depending on verbal fluency
Adamová, Andrea ; Martinec Nováková, Lenka (advisor) ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (referee)
Smell plays a vital role in our daily lives and influences the way we perceive the world around us. People have the excellent ability to detect and distinguish odors, but they usually have difficulty in identifying individual odors. Olfactory abilities (olfactory identification, olfactory detection and olfactory discrimination) also differ significantly interindividually. In general, however, women achieve better results. While a number of studies point to sex differences in olfactory perception, especially in the identification of odors, we need to understand sex only as an overarching concept that includes specific factors such as hormonal influences or different odor experiences that can actually influence olfactory abilities. One of them could be verbal fluency, which allows us to recall information from memory, as there are studies showing the link between the ability to identify odors and verbal fluency. The main aim of the thesis was to test whether the difference between males and females in the identification of odors is mediated by a sex difference in verbal fluency. The secondary aim of the thesis was to explore whether the connection of odor identification and verbal fluency varies according to which form of verbal fluency is tested (phonetic or semantic), and whether these tests can be...
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Olfactory Perception in First-Episode Schizophrenia and Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorders
Hofmannová, Zdena ; Martinec Nováková, Lenka (advisor) ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (referee)
Research suggests that olfactory perception of patients with schizophrenia differs from healthy people. In the context of previously conducted research, the present thesis addresses the differences in the abilities of identification and discrimination of odours and assessment of perceived odour qualities (pleasantness, familiarity, intensity, edibility) between patients with schizophrenia or acute and transient psychotic disorders and healthy volunteers, taking into account gender differences; in addition, the differences in the relationship between identification of odours and evaluation of the perceived qualities of odours between patients and healthy persons were explored as well as relationship between the severity of negative symptoms and olfactory perception. In line with other studies, deficits were found in patients in identification and discrimination of odours and in the assessment of odour familiarity compared to healthy subjects, with no gender differences. There were no differences in the relationship between the identification of odours and assessment of the perceived qualities of odours between patients and volunteers, and association of olfactory abilities and the assessment of perceived qualities of odours with the severity of negative symptoms was found only for identification of...
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