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The role of imprinting-like effects and social learning for persistence of variability of iris and hair color in European population
Joudal, Lukáš ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Bártová, Klára (referee)
In bachelor's thesis I deal with the influence of various factors on the color of hair and eyes of the European population. In Europe, many still find blond and light eye colour population despite there is much darker colored populations. Here are some of the mechanisms causing maintain high polymorphism in the European population. The first part of bachelor's thesis focuses on a brief description of the structure of the European population. The thesis also discusses the genetic determination of hair and eyes, its diversity and the differences of the population from the populations of Asia and Africa. In the next section, we discuss the emergence and spread of recessive alleles light eye color a blonde in Europe, particularly northern Europe. The following is a description of the mechanisms influencing the propagation and conservation of recessive alleles. In the penultimate chapter describes the relationship between the morphology of the face and eye color, and the last chapter summarizes the effects mentioned in the previous chapters and their effect on the length of the relationship between partners.
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Shape variability of diatom frustules during the life cycle.
Woodard, Kateřina ; Kulichová, Jana (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
The determination of diatom species is mostly based on morphology of a silicified cell wall. It is complicated by the fact of cell diminution during the vegetative phase of the life cycle, which is conected with shape changes and loss of some taxonomically importat characters. Even though the diminution during the life cycle is generally known phenomeon, there is a lack of studies on this theme. In this masters thesis, four monoclonal populations of model pennate diatom strains were used in order to study shape dynamics during the life cycle. The strains were cultivated for almost three years and parts of the cultures with a different size stages were fixed in permanent preparations. The digital photographs of the cells were used as a material for the geometric morphometrics analyses. The study revealed high contribution of significant allometric changes to an overall shape variability. During the vegetative phase of the life cycle, disparity of the cells increases and complexity of the cells decreases. The contribution of symetric variability to an overall shape variability is more than eighty percent. Phenotypic plasticity in a monoclonal populations is an interesting finding from an evolutionary point of view. It may indicate constraints caused by the silica cell wall. During the size diminution...
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Covariance between UV-reflectance, wing shape, and environmental variables in Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Stella, David ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
Visual features of the wing colour, with special reference to the intensity of UV reflectance of the Green-veined White (Pieris napi) were investigated. Several studies revealed that only females of Pieris napi possess UV reflectance on dorsal wing surface. Based on UV sensitive photography, we analysed correlation between environmental conditions (productivity and climate) and 3 patches on forewing of 347 specimens of P. napi from Palaearctic region. Males significantly differ in level of intensity of UV reflectance from females. UV intensity in females is 25% higher in comparison with males. This phenomenon is explained by different deposition of wing pterins. Further, environment significantly affects UV intensity on the forewings of females, but not males. Moreover, we accomplished the analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. First we subjected the environmental variables to PCA. In females, the first PCA axis (temperature seasonality, temperature annual range and longitude) significantly correlated with UV intensity. In males, the second PCA axis (latitude and altitude) was significantly correlated with FA. Additionally, we performed Two-Block Partial Least- Squares (PLS) analysis to assess co-variation between intraspecific shape...
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Bilateral assymetry of desmids, populational phenomena and cellular complexity
Poláčková, Tereza ; Neustupa, Jiří (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
This thesis deals with the morphological asymmetry of the desmid genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales, Viridiplantae). In total, 71 populations belonging to 13 species sampled at 31 different locations were used. In addition to the traditional approach of the biradial asymmetry decomposition (joint PCA of the symmetric copies of all the cells) a novel approach based on a PCA of the symmetric copies of each cell separately was also used. Both these methods were found to be replaceable, but the second method may have broader applications. The dominant asymmetric pattern was described by the differences in shape of the opposite semicells, i.e. those segments that represent the juvenile and adult parts of the cells. Cellular ontogenesis of semicells is separated in time and, therefore, this asymmetry may be determined by varying abiotic conditions. However, a part of this asymmetric pattern would also be explained by ontogenetic differences among mature and developing semicells. The asymmetry between the left and right part of the cells, as well as the transversal asymmetry proved to be less conspicuous. Relative representation of the different asymmetric patterns between populations proved to be relatively stable. Morphological complexity did not correlate with the asymmetric levels. This means that the...
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Semantic function of the mammalian tail in the design of anal pole of the body
Baxa, Marek ; Komárek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
The tail in mammals is an important organ, which in contrast to most vertebrae, doesn't add to the motor function of their bodies. The use of the mamals' tail is much more varied and it can fulfill many different functions. This work includes a survey of these functions and analyzes collected data concerning 553 spieces of mammals across all families. The data includes information about the length of tail, the length of body, body mass, living environment and outer signs on the anal pole of these species. The resulting analysis concludes that the tail length is dependent both on the length of the mammal's body and its living environment. Outward signs of the tail depend on its length as well as the length of the body and the living environment. Distinctive tail ending and tail base probably fulfill a communicative function. The tail is more likely to have communication than cryptic significance.
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Assessed psychological characteristics of human face in depedence on socio-economical status
Linke, Lenka ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Pivoňková, Věra (referee)
Human face is a complex semantic organ, which among others reflects also human individuality due to the high variance of facial morphologies. This study examines the relationship between psychological characteristics and social status. Moreover, we have analyzed variability in facial form and its relation to a particular social rank. The study was performed on a set of photographs containing 55 pictures of men in a management position. These photographs were evaluated by 47 male (average age - 22 years) and 77 female (average age 21,6 years) respondents. The data were analyzed by means of classical methods of statistical testing as well as geometric morphometrics methods. This study tests whether there is a relation between three psychological characteristics - dominance, attractiveness, trustworthiness - and social status. The effect of perceived dominance and attractiveness on social status were not significant. Nevertheless, we found statistically significant relationship between perceived trustworthiness and social rank. We were not able to detect morphological facial structures, which would distinguish the heads of department from the chief executive directors. However the parametric tests discovered statistically significant differences between the facial morphology of a trustworthy and...
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Influence of environmental variables on the shape of ultraviolet pattern in Gonepteryx rhamni
Pecháček, Pavel ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Many species are sensitive to a light in ultraviolet spectrum. Some species have surface patterns that reflect ultraviolet light. These markings have been observed in many animal taxa; butterflies (Lepidoptera) are no exception. UV-reflectance in butterflies has been primarily connected to sexual selection and in this respect it has been a subject of many studies. In my work I propose an alternative view to this phenomenon. The aim of my work is to reveal how a particular environmental factors influence the morphospace of UV- reflectant patterns and wing shape of the Gonepteryx rhamni (Pieridae). The effect of various environmental factors (latitude, longitude, altitude, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index - NDVI or net primary productivity - NPP) on wing morphospace was tested using the methods of Geometric morphometrics. I have also studied shape variability among the males and females, specimens from different locations and differences in morphospace of several G. rhamni subspecies. The dataset used in this analysis includes 118 males and 67 females from the Palearctic ecozone. The effect of almost all environmental (except to NDVI and NPP) predictors on shape of the UV-pattern and wing margin was significant in the case of males. In the...
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Ontogeny of Sao hirsuta (Barrande, 1846) in the Cambrian of Czech Republic: revision
Laibl, Lukáš ; Fatka, Oldřich (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
The Solenopleurid trilobite Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846 is known from "Middle" Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the Czech Republic, Germany and Spain. It is one of the first trilobites on which ontogenetic development was described in detail (Barrande, 1852). This diploma thesis is the first modern revision of the ontogeny of this species for more than fifty years. Thesis is primarily based on quantitative methods and a detailed study of morphology of the exoskeleton. Changes in the dorsal exoskeleton during ontogenetic development of S. hirsuta, including the discovery of intrainstar morphological and size variability and the transition from isometric growth to the alometric growth, were described in detail by using quantitative methods (biometric measurements and geometric morphometrics). In the protaspid period different instars of S. hirsuta were recognized. Detailed morphological studies revealed several different morphotypes of protaspid stages. Some of which may represent different taxa. The morphology and the condition of the hypostome was described, including changes of hypostome during ontogeny. The study of segmentation in the species S. hirsuta shows hypoprotomeric development with the initial accumulation phase, middle equilibrium phase and terminal depletion phases. Key words: Sao...
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Social perception of trustworthiness and its projection in morphospace of human face: evolutionary and ecological consequences
Renzová, Šárka ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Varella Valentova, Jaroslava (referee)
Differences in perception of the human face is caused by variability in facial features, which stands in the face properties, such as attractiveness, dominance and trustworthiness. This literature review focuses on the perception of trustworthiness and its impact to social interactions. The attention is also paid to possible evolutionary mechanisms such as sexual selection. Moreover, this work deals with the neurohormonal causes in the perception of trustworthiness, wherein the subcortical brain region called the amygdala plays the main role. Keywords: perception, the human face, trustworthiness, the amygdala, sexual selection
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