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Ethical aspects in the New Year's speeches by Vaclav Havel
Kovářová, Klára Marie-Anna ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Lorman, Jaroslav (referee)
The thesis "Ethical aspects in the New Year's speeches by Vaclav Havel" interprets and evaluates the content of the New Year's speeches by President Havel in the light of civil and political ethics. In the study part first deals with the theoretical background (the areas of ethical consideration; relationship of ethics, politics, freedom) and also represents Havel`s ethical and philosophical dimension (the philosophical roots and sources of inspiration - the ideas, personalities). The core of thesis analyzes the ethical content and the development of the main ideas New Year's speeches, as well as their contribution to value creation on the road to moral autonomy and a more mature political culture. From the perspective of a new relation and in the context of the former regime, the last chapter reflects on Havel's considerations of ethical topics that are necessary for meaningful functioning of person in society with regard to civil and political ethos. Keywords Vaclav Havel, New Year`s speeches, ethics, political ethics, truth, love, conscience, liberty, responsibility, morals, morality, values, democracy, totality, civil courage.
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Middle-Age Crisis: Psychological and Spiritual Guide
Klimeš, Václav ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
The thesis "Middle-Age Crisis: Psychological and Spiritual Guide" contains a synthesis of knowledge about middle-age crisis from the interdisciplinary point of view of psychology and spiritual theology in its first part. The fundamental opinion declares that middle-age crisis is not something to be suffered through but, in spite of all its demands, it is an opportunity and challenge for fuller and more authentic life, for maturation of a man and for getting closer to oneself and to God. In the second part of the thesis, knowledge and procedures of psychotherapy, crisis intervention and pastoral theology are used to concretize and extend the conclusions of the first part in a more practical way; hence, the paper can be used as a guide for those who are undergoing this period of life or those who want to accompany someone else on this way. The thesis is intended primarily, but not exclusively, to Christians who lack education in the psychosocial area and who is middle-age crisis a personal topic of themselves or of people around them for-be it their relatives or friends, or, in case of pastoral workers, clients in their professional care. This work is rather singular in the Czech language due to its conception, scope and synthesis of the starting points as well as their elaboration. Keywords middle...
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The fairness of tax system
Marková, Dagmar ; Rethmann, Albert-Peter (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
ANGLICKÁ ANOTACE The Fairness of Tax System This paper deals with the fairness of tax system. After introductory chapter the history of taxes is summarized and the basic functions of taxes are described followed by mentioning the requirements of good tax system. One of the main requirements is the fairness of the system. In the third part, paper discusses the role of justice. Three types of justice and several concepts of fairness will be introduced. I chose two concepts for further explanation. The first theory introduces utilitarianism; the second one is based on the opinions of John Rawls. According to the principle of Christian ethics I debate them. The next section evaluates taxes and kinds of tax systems on the basis of fairness theories. Examples from Czech tax system are included in the discussion. The reform of public finance is prepared in our country, thus at the end the implementation of flat tax and ecological tax reform is discussed. The last chapter concludes. Key words: tax, tax system, fairness, utilitarianism, Rawls.
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The comparison of the highest moral criterion in christianity and in marxism-leninism
Seifert, David ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Křížek, Petr (referee)
Anglická anotace (English annotation) Name of Thesis: The comparism of highest moral Criterion in Christianity and in Marxism-Leninism Based on research of the relationship between an objective moral code and personal conscience of human beings is my thesis to compare the concept of highest moral criterion in Christianity to that of Marxism-Leninism. In view of the whole history of Christian Theology, starting with early biblical concepts through those of modern Catholic Theologists and also the writings of Marxistic philosophy (from Karl Marx to later textboooks of Marxistic morality) my thesis will show the deep differences (for example transcendent reasoning of Christian conscience) and also an interesting consensus, above all the importance of the connection between the freedom of human beings and understanding of truth. This is the reason, why my thesis emphasises the danger of false comprehension or disuse of Christian requirements on human beings (person) in terms of totalitarian ideology, but also stimuli which makes possible dialogue, not only with the Marxistic philosophy, but also with contemporary people, who are very conscious of their freedom of conscience and revolt against any form of totality. Key words: Conscience, Objective Moral Code, Christianity, Totality, Marxism-Leninism.
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Expulsion / displacement of Germans after world war II: an ethical problem
Smejkal, Josef ; Rethmann, Albert-Peter (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
German people displacement after the World War II as an ethical problem - getting over the past and the guilt in the announcemets of organisations and groups expressing attitudes on the Czech-German relationship problems. The displacement is more than 60 years disscussed topic, which is still not properly solved. Working method "to see- to assess- to act" could help us to get involved into the Czech-German relationship problems with a background of historical development, with sense of the guilty phenomenon, reconciliation principle and an awareness of attitudes of the groups dealing with this problems. On the basis of these aspects we can assess their getting over the past and guilt with future consequences. background of Czech-German relationship perceiving the guilt conversion forgiveness the future way
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The Attitude of a Sick Person towards Illness, His/Her Faith and the Behaviour of those Around
Franklová, Lenka ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Rethmann, Albert-Peter (referee)
THE ATTITUDE OFF AN ILL PERSON TOWARDS THE ILLNESS, HIS FAITH AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE RELATED PERSON Work nears the illness as a part of one's life, it indicates a patient's alternation process of life circumstances. A social aspect of illness and fellow men's behaviour towards the patient is taken into account here. A symptom of illness is a pain. A professional approach during illness solving and the aim - quality life of patients is seen from the how-to-sympathize-with-a-suffering-person view. Pain, illesss and suffering are seen from the faithful's view as the power that connects him/her with Christ. illness pain suffering fellow man faith, belief attitude help
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The Role of Empathy in Ethical Behaviour
Novák, Lukáš ; Matějek, Jaromír (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
More than two hundred years ago David Hume together with his fellow philosopher Adam Smith posited, that ethical behaviour arises from so called: "moral sense". In the other words, they share the same idea, that passions are principle evoking and guiding human behaviour. Hume claim: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions" (…). It is possible that this statement - among others - woke up from the 'dogmatic dream' one of the greatest philosophers of all time - Immanuel Kant, who propose, - contrary to Hume - that reason but not necessary passions can determinate human actions. In the question of what rule the passions in ethics have, it seems to be helpful to use the knowledge which follows from recent science. During this thesis we will use methods such as: comparison, analysis and synthesis. Main aim of this thesis will be to deal with the following question: what relationship can be observed between empathy, "moral sense" and ethical behaviour in perspective of recent science. This enquiry will therefore try to deal with the old question: what the the relationship between reason, passions and ethical behaviour is.
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Comparative analysis of controversial Slovak, German, Slovak-exile literature about Dr. Josef Tiso (+ 1947) from the historical-ethical perspective.
Pavol, Jozef ; Rethmann, Albert-Peter (referee) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
RESUME Tematikou tejto licenciátnej práce je analýza kontroverznej osoby Dr. Jozefa Tisa - kňaza a prezidenta Slovenského štátu z historicko - etického hľadiska. Počas jeho politickej kariéry došlo k rozdeleniu Československa, zavedeniu jednej politickej strany na Slovensku, vyhláseniu vojny proti Poľsku a ZSSR a k antisemitizmu voči židom na Slovensku. Sú to udalosti, ktoré sa týkajú nielen správnej interpretácie Tisa z historického hľadiska na základe historických faktov, ale zasahujú i morálno- etickú rovinu samotného kňaza katolíckej cirkvi v hraničných etických situáciách. Jeho osobnosť rozpolťuje týmto nielen historické kruhy, ale prispieva i k polarizácii samotnej spoločnosti. Pokým nacionalistické, pravicové (Slovenská pospolitosť) a cirkevno - konzervatívne kruhy (biskup Sokol) sa ho zastávajú a stavajú na oltár mučeníkov, liberálne vidia v ňom pre zmenu diktátora a antisemitu. Ústredná otázka tejto práce teda znie: V čom spočíva a odkiaľ pramení polemizácia Tisa v historických kruhoch a ako jednal Tiso v hraničných etických situáciach (jednal podľa etických princípov morálnej teológie?)?. Prvá historická časť tejto práce sa venuje analýze 3 hlavných historických prúdov, ktoré svojimi líniami polarizujú Tisa v historických kruhoch: slovenský, slovenský - exilový a nemecký prúd. Ťažiskom analýzy...
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Donations of organs - duty, donation or oportunity?
Uher, Martin ; Rethmann, Albert-Peter (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
Martin Uher DAROVÁNÍ ORGÁNŮ - POVINNOST, DAR NEBO ŠANCE? Bakalářská práce Resumé Práce se snaží podat stručný přehled problematiky odběru a transplantace orgánů z medicínského i etického hlediska. V první části, po úvodu a krátkém historickém přehledu, se autor věnuje vymezení pojmů z oblasti transplantologie a toho, jaké druhy transplantace známe. Potom následuje kapitola o mozkové smrti jako smrti jedince. Popisuje postupy, jak k diagnóze mozkové smrti dospět. Důležitost důkazu smrti jedince je založena na zásadě, že není možný odběr orgánu z mrtvého. V následujících dvou kapitolách se práce věnuje jak dárcovi tak i potencionálnímu příjemci orgánů - jaké "podmínky" musí splňovat a jaké orgány může darovat, resp. přijmout. V 6. kapitole autor popisuje vlastní výkon transplantace a 7. kapitolu věnuje velmi aktuálnímu problému - transplantaci od žijícího dárce. Další, 8. kapitola se specifickými problémy týkajícími se transplantací - jako jsou např. dárci s nebijícím srdcem, děti a anencefaličtí novorozenci - uzavírá "medicínskou" část práce. Autor se dále věnuje etickým aspektům transplantace - od diskusních rovin přes etické principy až po problém obchodu s orgány a etické problémy darování orgánů od žijících dárců. V roce 2002 přijal Parlament České republiky nový transplantační zákon. Právě jemu je...
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Theology of respect to life in the work of John Paul II. and its possible aplication for environmental ethics
Rohlena, Jan ; Sládek, Karel (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
Christianity is for the relationship to nature repeatedly exposed to criticism and expectations.The general objective of this work is to point out the legitimacy of one or the other.More specifically, this thesis deals with the position of man in creation and its relation to the world. The work analyzes the texts of Pope John Paul II., And in his work he tries to map such thoughts and attitudes that are applicable for environmental ethics. The main source of finding solutions to the theology of respect for life and theology of creation of this pope. This work attempts to bring complete complex theological and ethical foundations that could help a person gain a better knowledge in dealing with life and all of nature. The work is divided into three parts. The first environmental elements are searched in the theology of creation of John Paul II. The second part follows the Pope's theology of respect for life. The third part gives an insight into the state of the world, as at the turn of the millennium saw John Paul II., And presented concrete proposals to address the environmental crises that the Pope is aware. Due to the interdisciplinary theme pervades the work of theology, philosophy and environmental ethics.
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