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Patočka's Post-War Phenomenology of Human Being
Raška, Štěpán ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This bachelor thesis aims to present an interpretation of Patočka's post-war phenomenology of human being. It deals mainly with the Patočka's work Eternity and Historicity from 1947 and try to propose a complex interpretation of Patočka's conception of human being that is a main topic of this work. On the one hand it tries to show that Patočka's concept is being formed in the discussion with other philosophers and is strongly influenced from the other concepts. Especially from Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre. On the other hand, it points on the fact, that Patočka brings something original as well. My interpretation gives an accent on the motives of "dialectics of negative affection" and "historicity" of human being. These are two main points to see how Patočka understands the man. First and foremost, aims my bachelor thesis to present Patočka's antropology as subjectivistic and existentional. Because Patočka frame his antropology as a specific ethics, deals my text with relevance of Patočka's concept for a moral philosophy as well.
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Two Conceptions of Thinking in H. Arendt's Writings
Koloskov, Daniil ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Ve své diplomové se zaměřím na pojetí myšlení u Hannah Arendtové. Zejména se pokusím ukázat, že v díle Arendtové jsou přítomny dvě odlišné koncepce myšlení. První koncepce se opírá o komunikaci a svět. Podle této koncepce myšlení vychází ze společného světa a má sloužit k vybudování politických vztahů mezi lidmi. Druhá koncepce myšlení na rozdíl od první tvrdí, že myšlení je podle své definice mimosvětskou činností a nemůže sloužit k politickým účelům s výjimkou mimořádných případů. Porovnání těchto různých koncepcí myšlení bude uskutečněno na základě analýzy další mentální schopnosti člověka - soudů. Budu hájit tezi, myšlení ztratí možnost a schopnost pronikat do společného světa, protože schopnost soudů přebírá řadu funkcí, které dříve vykonávalo myšlení.
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Being-Towards-Death: Death and Temporality in Martin Heidegger's Philosophy
Chvojková, Stela ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This bachelor thesis aims to present a complex analysis of the conception of death and being- towards-death in the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, especially in Being and Time. The analysis starts with showing what death can not be by rejecting the prevailing understanding of death. Then it deals with the way Heidegger defines death as the specific possibility of Dasein, which can only be understood from the relationship to one's own end. It points to the importance of the role that death and certainty of one's finitude are playing in the ontology of Dasein, both in itself and as a fundament of authentic and inauthentic mode of existence. The final part presents a possible solution to the problem of the change from inauthenticity to authenticity and also deals with the ontological position of anxiety.
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The Relation of the Real and the Illusory in the works of Henri Bergson
Hollmannová, Barbora ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
In his writings, Bergson criticizes the scientific concept of time as a discontinuous and homogeneous succession. According to Bergson, scientific methods do not lead to an authentic knowledge of the reality which is inherently continuous and heterogeneous for him. The more we objectify and conceptualize the world, the more far away are we from being aware of it and actually grasping it. The reason for this distance or distortion is our intellect that always operates with a linear concept of time and always serves everyday conduct. Thus it works with the delusion of time that produces a useful but to some extent illusory knowledge. The question for this thesis is how inteligence or intellect meets with reality in spite of their different nature. What makes it possible to connect our practical needs with reality. Is the world we are living in, the world of our practical life, real or just an illusion of reality? And how can we understand the meaning of our scientific cognition in this sense?
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Regimes of Truth and Production of Subjectivity in Genealogy of Modern Subject
Raševová, Simona ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on the issue of complementarity between two approaches to a subject developed by Michel Foucault within the genealogy of a modern individual. While, in the 1970s, he turned his attention to the analysis of how power produces subjects that appear to be completely subordinate to power relations and practices, in a later so-called ethical period, Foucault highlights the various forms of self-forming practice or technologies of the self, which are not reduced to external norms. The thesis attempts to expose the problem of subjectivity from the perspective of a more general framework of the history of truth, which more or less covers all Foucault's genealogical investigations. Interpretation will take into consideration the following questions: 1) How can both of these approaches to subjectification processes be seen as complementary? 2) If Foucault himself declares that his genealogy of ethics is not intended to find direct inspiration for today in ancient self-care, in which respect can then critic-historical excursions to the diverse forms of ethical self-relationship be the starting point for seeking new forms of self-forming practice in today's society? 3) What is the relationship of disciplinary and regulatory techniques that form the modern individual to the practices of...
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Intentional act and ideality of linguistic meaning in Husserl's thought
Kroupa, Martin ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Gottlob Frege made in his famous article "Über Sinn und Bedeutung" an distinction between meaning and referent of an expression. Meaning has an ideal charakter. Referent is than an object of the expression. Later in his study "Der Gedanke" he extended this distincion of the hole sentence. The meanings are in this case understood as thoughts of the senteces. Referent than Frege called as truth value. The question is, how is it possible for human mind to access this region of ideality of meanigs and thoughts. Frege wrote, that we are able to grasp an thought by force of thinking. Few years later Edmund Husserl made in his Logical investigations similar distinction between ideal sense and object of intention. In many ways is it possible to compare both conceptions. But for Husserl "grasping" of ideality is a form of an abstraction from the intentional act. It is not an abstraction in empirical sense, but ideation, where are ideas are "seen" in original intuition. The main topic of this study is is the attempt to analyse Husserl's ideative abstraction in special case of ideal meaning of an expression.
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Space Reinhabited: Conception of Space in Martin Heidegger's Work and His Influence on the Theory of Architecture in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century
Holeček, Josef ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
5 Abstract This bachelor's thesis attempts to compare and explain the different concepts of spatiality in Martin Heidegger's work. Following Heidegger's 1969 seminar in Le Thor, this thesis builds on his retrospective division of his work, centred around being. First, he askes about the meaning, then about the truth and finally about the place of being. In this thesis, the comparison of different approaches to spatiality in different periods of Heidegger's life is emphasized as well as his rejection of the previous Newtonian, Galilean and Cartesian approaches. This rejection is gradually taking place since Being and Time and it is clear that Heidegger's concept of spatiality is fairly consistent, despite the changing terminology. It is also pointed out that his phenomenological approach is ground-breaking in some respects, mainly because of the expressions and terms he uses in his language. This means that his approach is almost unparalleled as far western physics and metaphysics are concerned, making Heidegger more influential even outside the field of philosophy, as is demonstrated by the architectural theory in which his concept of spatiality is still visible today. Keywords: Heidegger, world, space, spatiality, being-in-the-world, place, fourfold, region, Ortschaft, topology, language, architecture,...
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The God's Eye View: Epistemic Ideal or Conformity with Standards of Justification?
Krejčová, Kateřina ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
(in English) In the Enlightenment liberation from the religious myth one can see a paradoxical shift that is characterized by the fact that the scientist in the new type of secularized culture takes over the role previously dedicated to the priest. She holds the position of a mediator between what is human and superhuman, subjective, imperfect and flawed and a distant truth to which human beings feel a specific kind of responsibility. As the "soft sciences" ceded territory to the exact sciences, it happened because we have not yet been able to give up the dream of a perfectly neutral God eye's view. The author wants to show that objectivity itself is not impartial, but that it is a name for different kinds of rationality, which are at different times considered to be epistemic virtues.
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The Problem of Body in Phenomenological Psychology
Havel, Jan ; Kouba, Petr (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis has several aims. To present daseinsanalysis as a science founded upon philosophy of Martin Heidegger. To show that founding of a science generally requires reflection whether its philosophical foundations are adequate. In contrast to daseinsanalysis prove that contemporary medicine and psychology are founded upon inadequate foundations. And eventually, it will be required to analyze the human body phenomenon, which is problematic, thus posing a threat to the consistence of Heidegger's philosophy. Keywords Heidegger, Boss, daseinsanalysis, body, theory of science
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