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The development of volleyball rules from the beginning until today
Jelínková, Zuzana ; Kašpar, Ladislav (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee)
The first part of this thesis is addressing the general characteristics of volleyball including the game content and its mechanics. In the next part, the author aims to describe the important events of the volleyball history both in the world and in the Czech Republic specifically. The main part of the paper contains detailed information about the evolution of volleyball rules together with the most important adjustments from the beginning until today, in chronological order. The final part of the thesis compares the development of several chosen rules, outlining their advantages, disadvantages, and potential impacts on the game. Keywords: volleyball, rules, development, history, beginning, today, the Czech Republic, world
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Physical activities of children in primary schools in a selected region in the Czech Republic
Ptáčník, Milan ; Dlouhý, Martin (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee)
The diploma thesis is focused on physical and sports activities of children in older school age. For the research were selected pupils in the 8th and 9th grades of primary schools in the Prague-East District. The main goal of the work is based on data collected by online questionnaires to analyze and compare the level of physical activities of these pupils depending on the main factors of their lives. I consider these factors to be school physical education, physical and sports activities outside of school, leisure, family, dwelling place. The theoretical part describes all requirements associated with the physical activities of children in older school age, that are necessary for a proper understanding of the research part, such as the definition of physical activities and sports, the characteristics of older school children and key factors affecting these children. A total of 240 respondents, meaning 8th and 9th grade pupils from four selected primary schools in the Prague-East District, took part in the research. For the research I used the method of a questionnaire survey, which was organized online using Google Forms. The questionnaire contains 20 questions and is divided into 5 parts, according to the main factors already mentioned. The results for each individual question are clearly viewed...
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Low-carbohydrate diets and their effect on body composition and sports performance
Kysel, Pavel ; Jandová, Soňa (referee)
The effect of low-carbohydrate diets on physical fitness is still controversial. The goal of low-carbohydrate diets is to minimize the effects on sports performance by restricting carbohydrates, while optimizing body composition by reducing subcutaneous fat while maintaining maximum muscle mass. The aim of this work is to search the current literature and scientific studies, and to determine the effect of low-carbohydrate and therefore ketogenic diets on body composition and sports performance of various types. Partial tasks are then to define the circumstances that are related to the main goal, or are derived from it, i.e. individual motor skills, including their development and circumstances leading to the influence of sports performance, as well as the area of the individual's body composition and the obvious circumstances of food intake. An essential part is the most up-to-date reference and covering the main differences of low- carb diets in their entirety. The results are mixed, however, in endurance athletes, the body adapts to a fat-rich diet after about a week, and in general, oxidation of fats provides enough energy in the form of intramuscular triacylglycerols or free fatty acids in plasma. Theoretically, this should lead to the investigation of muscle glycogen, as the most valuable...
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Involvement of the muscles of the upper body collected at time of cross-country skiing and during simulating exercises
Horyna, Roman ; Kračmar, Bronislav (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee)
Title: Upper body muscles activity in V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2 Objectives: Comparison of involvement upper body muscles during V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2. Methods: Comparative analysis: the dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: We found statistically significant coordination similarity by comparisons muscle preactivation and activation during V2 skating technique and double poling. Trunk flexors musculus obliquus abdominis externus and musculus rectus abdominis showed unlike the main propulsion muscles, musculus pectoralis major, musculus triceps brachii and musculus latissimus dorsi, significantly higher preactivation during V2 skating technique and double poling in comparison to skiing machine Concept 2. Activation of the main propulsion muscles on a skiing machine Concept 2 is significantly higher than during V2 skating technique and double poling. Skiing machine Concept 2 cannot be considered as a specific training method for cross-country skiing. Long-term application may cause disruption of double poling technique. Key words: Cross country skiing, V2 skating technique, double poling, skiing machine Concept 2 (SkiErg), kinesiology, surface electromyography
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Influence of gait in high heels on posture, and division of pressure on the contact area of the feet and tne floor
Gajdoš, Miloslav ; Jandová, Soňa (advisor) ; Janura, Miroslav (referee) ; Šťastný, Petr (referee)
Title: Influence of gait in high heels on posture, and division of pressure on the contact area level of the feet and the floor Objective: The aim of the dissertation was to verify how walking in high-heeled shoes influences the time and pressure parameters of the step cycle and posture during slow and very slow walking in low experienced wearers. Methods: The research study was an empirical, comparative intra-individual study. Pedar-X® measuring inserts (Novel, Munich, Germany) were used to measure the distribution of plantar pressures and to evaluate time parameters while walking on a conveyor belt at v1 = 0.97 ms-1 and v2 = 0.56 ms-1 in straight shoes and high-heeled shoes. SonoSens Monitor Analyzer® (Gefremed, Chemnitz, Germany) was used to assess posture. The research group consisted of thirty healthy women wearing high-heeled shoes occasionally (age: 21.8 ± 2.09 years, weight: 55.7 ± 4.05 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.03 m). Anova test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis, and the Cohen coefficient d was used to calculate material significance. Results: Significant differences in time and plantar pressure variables were found when walking in high-heeled shoes compared to straight footwear. For both types of footwear, walking speed only affected time variables, but not dynamic...
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Comparative analysis of motional pattern of swimming style crawl and specific strength exercises
Vaněčková, Jitka ; Kračmar, Bronislav (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee) ; Ružbarský, Pavel (referee)
Title: Comparative analysis of the crawl pattern and specific exercises. Purpose: The aim of the dissertation is to evaluate the coordination similarity ratio of involvement of selected muscles during the crawl swimming cycle as a target movement with imitation movement acts. Methods: The research study has the character of an intra-individual and inter- individual comparative analysis of the coordination characteristics of the movement system. This is a sequential triangulation of a quantitative-qualitative approach and an intragroup case study with an experimental way of getting data. Results: Muscle activation of selected muscles during the crawl did not show a significant difference in effect size compared to the imitation movements on the Biokinetic swimming simulator and exercising with swimming expanders. Keywords: Biokinetic, expanders, surface electromyography, swimming, swimming simulator,
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Analysis of a pressure distribution on the level of foot and shoe interaction when running in flatlands with minimalist and sport shoes.
Charousek, Jan ; Jandová, Soňa (advisor) ; Zvonař, Martin (referee) ; ZAHRADNÍK, DAVID (referee)
Problem: Running is one of the most widespread physical activities. Incorrect running technique, training quantity but also the runner's equipment can strongly affect health condition of the individual, both positively and negatively. For that reason various trends emerge in the area of running footwear. They include classical sports shoes with different types of impact attenuation as well as the minimalist footwear made to imitate barefoot running, which should be much more natural for humans, as insisted by B. Nigg in his book "Born to Run" - where he says that man was born to walk and run barefooted. Inappropriate shoes can cause various health complications, not only in the foot area. Objective: To find out how foot strike changes in the area of the foot-shoe interaction in running on flat ground when an amateur runner uses minimalist and sports footwear and to draw conclusions for training practice on the basis of the results. Methods: The thesis deals with amateur endurance running in different shoe types (minimalist and sports shoes). The study specimen consisted of 14 female runners (mean body weight 63,31 ± 4,89 kg, height 169,69 ± 4,71 cm, age 31,92 ± 5,34 years, speed in minimalist shoes (MO) 3,34 ± 0,06 m.s- 1 , speed in sports shoes (SO) 3,29 ± 0,06 m.s-1 , weekly mileage 37,54 ± 9,43...
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Involvement of the muscles of the upper body collected at time of cross-country skiing and during simulating exercises
Horyna, Roman ; Kračmar, Bronislav (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee) ; Hnízdil, Jan (referee)
Title: Upper body muscles activity in V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2 Objectives: Comparison of involvement upper body muscles during V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2. Methods: Comparative analysis: the dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: We found statistically significant coordination similarity by comparisons muscle preactivation and activation during V2 skating technique and double poling. Trunk flexors musculus obliquus abdominis externus and musculus rectus abdominis showed unlike the main propulsion muscles, musculus pectoralis major, musculus triceps brachii and musculus latissimus dorsi, significantly higher preactivation during V2 skating technique and double poling in comparison to skiing machine Concept 2. Activation of the main propulsion muscles on a skiing machine Concept 2 is significantly higher than during V2 skating technique and double poling. Skiing machine Concept 2 cannot be considered as a specific training method for cross-country skiing. Long-term application may cause disruption of double poling technique. Key words: Cross country skiing, V2 skating technique, double poling, skiing machine Concept 2 (SkiErg), kinesiology, surface electromyography
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Comparative - kinsiological analysis of the rowing stroke on a single scull and on a rowing machine Concept 2
Zbořilová, Martina ; Kračmar, Bronislav (advisor) ; Jandová, Soňa (referee) ; Hnízdil, Jan (referee)
Title: Kinesiological analysis of the rowing stroke on a single scull and on a rowing ergometer Concept 2 comparison Purposes: The purpose of the present study was to determine a specific structure in timing of selected muscles during two movement patterns - rowing on a single scull and rowing on an ergometer Concept 2. Methods: By surface electromyography we recorded muscular activity, synergies and involvement throughout mean cycle of the rowing stroke. Results: The mutual correlations of mean EMG curves of all measured muscles showed, that there were not found any differences in inter-locomotive synchronization of selected muscles. Established values of correlation (r) showed higher level of dynamic balance (performance similarity between both measured activities. Determination of the muscular activity timing considering onsets and cessations, was in the percentual results explication of the movement cycle inter-locomotive different. Conclusion: Results showed a great similarity in synergies organizing the muscular coordination in between both measured physical activities. But timing of the movement was different in the moments of muscular activity onsets during rowing and during ergometer rowing. This may be attributed to the specificity of on-water locomotion. Key words: Rowing, Concept 2,...
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