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Transformation of neutrality concept in theory and practice of selected European states
Mikušková, Radka ; Romancov, Michael (advisor) ; Pulgret, Miroslav (referee)
Proměny konceptu neutrality v teorii a praxi vybraných evropských států Abstract The thesis explores the emergence of a unique concept of neutrality within each the three neutral European countries: Sweden, Switzerland and Austria. In then examines changes in the policy of neutrality over time within each compared states, with emphasis on the post - Cold War transition from a bipolar to a multipolar world order. It is concluded that the end of the Cold War has had a marked influence on changes in the concept of neutrality within each of the compared states, largely because of the emergence of novel threats which can be now more effectively controlled through international cooperation as opposed to unilateral action by a single nation.
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UN sanctions against Iran
Hulvejová, Jana ; Bříza, Vlastislav (advisor) ; Pulgret, Miroslav (referee)
The bachelor thesis UN sanctions against Iran deals with the issue of proliferation and international sanctions - an element in the strategy to prevent proliferation in the Middle East. In order to halt Iran's efforts to become a nuclear state, the UN Security Council adopted several rounds of sanctions targeting mainly Iran's nuclear programme, its trade and finances. However, Iran's continuous defiance of international isolation and political pressure and its refusal to give up the nuclear programme raise the inevitable question of the sanctions' efficacy. The first part of the thesis constitutes an introduction to the issue of international sanctions, it presents the history of Iranian nuclear programme and also the response of the international community not only in the form of sanctions, but also negotiations. It attempts to analyse the security threat posed by Iran, its defending arguments and probable motives. The second and third part of the thesis deal with the sanction measures imposed on Iran. The author examines the individual UNSC Resolutions and their subsequent implementation, gradually moving towards the assessment of the effectivity of sanction measures with an emphasis on economic and psychological impact and how it affects the nuclear programme. The thesis attempts to analyse the...
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Selected chapters on the jurisdiction of a state in international law
Pulgret, Miroslav ; Ondřej, Jan (advisor) ; Hofmannová, Mahulena (referee) ; Týč, Vladimír (referee)
SELECTED TOPICS OF STATE JURISDICTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 ABSTRACT This study deals with the theoretical question of state jurisdiction under international law. Jurisdiction is defined as the legal title for the exercising of state power which may affect the rights and obligations of persons. The study analyzes jurisdiction, explores the possibilities and limits on the use of the various jurisdictional titles and their interplay. International jurisdictional law is mainly governed by customary international law. Some treaties have been concluded in the field of international criminal law. This study examines the jurisdictional issues focusing mainly on the criminal law. This corresponds with the selection of practical examples from the criminal law, which are listed by each of the jurisdictional titles. The practical impact of the jurisdictional theory on national law is illustrated using the specific provisions of the Czech Criminal Code, Austrian Criminal Code and German Criminal Code. States as sovereign subjects of international law are entitled to exercise jurisdiction not only within their own territory, but also, in accordance with international law, outside their own territory. The jurisdiction of subjects of international law may come into competition. In spite of the fact that the States are...
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Free movement of services - focus on eastern enlargement of the European Union
Průchová, Věra ; Pulgret, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kučerová, Irah (referee)
Diploma thesis "Free Movement of Services - The focus on Eastern Enlargement of the European Union" describes the development of the internal market of services of the European Union in view of the recent developments to complete liberalization of this market through the adoption of Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 12th December 2006 on Services in the Internal Market. The Eastern Enlargement of ten new countries partly affected the whole development, because it caused the reestablishment of some protectionist measures in the form of the transitional periods. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the situation on the market of services in the European Union after the admission of at least eight countries from Central and Eastern Europe, and to understand each of these steps, which have lead some states to these protectionist measures. For a greater understanding of my diploma thesis, I tried to explain some important definitions and terms in the first part of the thesis, which can help the reader to easily understand the following sections of the essay. The other chapter presents, in brief, the historical genesis of the internal market of services in the European Union putting greater emphasis on the important milestones such as the founding treaties and...
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International Criminal Court : Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction as a Political Question
Klementová, Eliška ; Pulgret, Miroslav (advisor) ; Karásek, Tomáš (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of international criminal justice and with possibilities how to prosecute perpetrators of crimes under international law. Thesis examines limits of exercising universal jurisdiction by national courts, then the development of various types of institutions of international criminal justice, and finally the features and functioning of the International Criminal Court. Thesis presents approaches of several states to the Court and their arguments. It also deals with the current functioning of the Court and related problems.
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Current Problems of the Human Rights Protection in the European Union
Prokopová, Helena ; Pulgret, Miroslav (advisor) ; Karlas, Jan (referee)
The thesis focuses on internal dimension of human rights protection in the EU. It studies the development of the EC/EU official commitment to human rights in the EC law, role of some EU institutions in its protection and the problems that EU and its member states face in relation to human rights protection in the European region. It analyses changes and opportunities for the future human rights protection system in the period after the Lisbon treaty enters into force. On two case studies, the author shows how the member states of the EU violate some human rights. First study focuses on grave human rights violation committed in name of war against terrorism; second study assays the seriousness of spreading of discrimination based on race and ethnic origin that is on increase in the EU member states. The attention is also paid to the consequences of such violations on the EU and its member states global performance as human rights defenders. On the basic of liberal theory of international justice it shows that on the condition that serious human rights violation happens on the territory of EU member states, they could limits the possibilities of its global performance on the field of human rights protection and democracy promotion that our among the basic principles of EU Common Foreign and Security policy.
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The Legal Status of Persons Detained in American Naval Base Guantanamo in Cuba
Kotek, Lukáš ; Ondřej, Jan (advisor) ; Pulgret, Miroslav (referee)
The thesis discusses the problem of application of international humanitarian law to american concept of "Global War on Terror" in international example of Guantanamo law and detainees. Although international humanitarian law and human rights law are complementary systems, the main stress is layed on humanitarian law. The Global War on Terror is described in offical statements of american administrative, in particular on G.W.Bush ́s statements and documents like National Security Strategy of United States of America (2002) and National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (2003). Special account is given to the afghan conflict between 2001 and 2006, including analysis of opposing sides, in particular of Taliban, and chracter of combat operations. At the same time the thesis is dealing with Guantanamo Bay detaineesi. It takes note of discrepancy between official statements and standard practice on Guantanamo Base. After introduction to humanitarian law, the status of detainees is discussed following the facts of previous chapters. The main distinction is drawn between detainees captured on the "battlefield" in Afghanistan and detainees "captured" outside the conflict. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The Development and the Role of International Criminal Justice in Today's World
Permanová, Lucie ; Pulgret, Miroslav (advisor) ; Karásek, Tomáš (referee) ; Karlas, Jan (referee)
This thesis deals with international criminal justice, which began to influence international politics during the last twenty years. After the end of the Cold War, a lot of armed conflicts were breaking out. They were accompanied by unprecedented inhuman acts and atrocities. The international community had to find a solution for how to respond to such events. In 1993, the United Nations Security Council acted under Chapter VII of The Charter of the United Nations and decided unanimously upon the establishing of an ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The Tribunal's role was to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during the Balkans conflict. A year later, in 1994, the Security Council decided to establish another ad hoc tribunal - The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which served to punish the architects of Rwandan genocide. Both tribunals sped up negotiations and the decision to establish the permanent International Criminal Court, whose objective is to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. The crime of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and in the future the crime of aggression. Firstly, this thesis analyses the ad...
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