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Implication of snow leopard distribution, population dynamics and landscape genetics, and prey preference for its conservation in Nepal
Shrestha, Bikram ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee) ; Červený, Jaroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with an endangered large mammal species - snow leopard, its distribution, population dynamics, landscape genetics and connectivity, trophic ecology and human-snow leopard conflicts in the Nepalese Himalaya (Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), Lower Mustang (LM) and Upper Manang (UM) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, during Wet and Dry seasons in 2014-2016. In the case of snow leopard study, we used data obtained from camera traps, scat's genetic analysis and monitoring of fresh pugmarks and scrapes while direct count method was used to study for its main prey, blue sheep and Himalayan tahr. In study 1, we assessed the determinants of habitat suitability of snow leopards using MaxEnt model and mapped the distribution of suitable habitat for snow leopards in Nepal. Altitude and Annual mean temperature are important common factors contributing to snow leopard habitat suitability within the area studied, which is indicated by both the percentage contribution of environmental variables and Jackknife test from MaxEnt model. Some other uncommon factors also seem to play a role, as they were important in at least one of the analyses. These were: distance from road, and precipitation of driest month but their importance has to be considered with caution. In study 2, we present our...
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Usefulness of habitat suitability models in research of orchid spatial distribution
Linyucheva, Anastasia ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Šímová, Irena (referee)
The subject of this thesis is to summarise information about use of the habitat suitability models with a focus on orchids modelling. Habitat suitability modelling is used to study the relationship between the occurrence of the species and the environmental factors of its habitat. Modelling orchid species is especially useful for modelling of rare and endangered species, it can accurately predict the occurrence of different species under future climatic conditions and in non-native localities. Appearance of mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi is a specific factor affecting distribution of most orchids, but it is very problematic to include it in modelling. Also, there is an uncertainty about an impact of this factor on orchid distribution. Results of different modelling methods are sometimes controversial, this issue is studied, but there are no such studies in orchids modelling. Keywords: Orchids, spatial distribution, models, distribution, prediction
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AN OUTLINE OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUMAVA NP
Dickie, I. ; Kindlmann, Pavel ; Křenová, Zdeňka
This analysis briefly compares the economic impacts of three potential future management scenarios for Sumava National Park (NP) in the Czech Republic: (1) continuation of current management, (2) the adoption of draft Bills that would declassify protected areas and enable developments within some of the Park's most valuable habitats for wildlife, (3) the adoption of proposals to expand the wilderness area in the Park's core with associated tourism opportunities. Our preliminary results indicate that the pro-wilderness scenario offers a more economically and environmentally sustainable development plan for the Sumava NP than either the current situation or the plans proposed in draft Bills. It is recommended that proposals in draft Bills should not be pursued at least until a fuller economic evaluation of options has been undertaken.
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Measurement of predator effectiveness by means of cage exclusion experiments
Fischerová, Laura ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
1 Abstract Cage exclusion experiments are used in ecological and agricultural studies to determine plant- insect interactions (Kidd & Jervis 2005). Cages are used to detect the insect density on the plant, while other influences such as natural predators or other pests are excluded. Exclusion of predators by using physical barriers (different mesh size) is one of the most used ways to determine the impact of natural enemies on the pest population. The results of these experiments suggest, that the pest population on caged plants, from which natural enemies are excluded, has a lower percentage of mortality and parasitism than the population on plants, where the natural enemies have full access to (Luck et al. 1988). Results of this method are used in programs of biocontrol when searching optimal plant treatments and possible alternatives instead of using insecticides (Lawson et al. 1994). The question is, whether cage exclusion experiments are adequately reflecting changes in pest populations and their impact on plants. As a result of caging the area, changes in microclimate and plant growth occur, which subsequently affects present insect populations. Cages do not also allow leaving the pests from the cage and, in some cases, unwanted natural enemies enter them, even though they have been previously...
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Protection of secondary grasslands in the Šumava NP and PLA. Conservation monitoring of habitat changes.
Šimáčková, Pavlína ; Křenová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Aj Many different methods are used to protect nature. Recently, however, the Earth Remote Sensing (RS) methods have come to the fore. An indisputable advantage is the ability to apply acquired data from RS in the GIS environment and to combine them easily with other important data about studied areas. To evaluate the change in the status of grassland Natura 2000 habitats, a manual assessment of the change of vegetation cover from orthophoto maps was chosen. In the GIS tools were used to analyses the changes in cover of target habitats in selected administrative areas of four municipalities in the Šumava NP between years 2004 and 2015. Differences in the enlargement of the built-up areas of four studied municipalities as a whole and the losses of target habitats due to development activities were studied. The results are compared with the results of similar monitoring conducted in the Krkonoše NP. Key words: Management of protected areas, secondary grasslands, rare habitats, succession, biodiversity
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in highlands
Černocká, Veronika ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
All species of orchids are sensitive plants and records of their distribution are rare. Their rarity is related to their complex biology and their sensitivity to changes in the environment. It is necessary to pay attention to these threatened species, so that we could preserve them from extinction. For their effective protection we need to know the main causes of extinction of their localities. It is also useful to know the factors, which determine their distribution, so that we could find new localities, where they occur. In this thesis I analyzed some climatic, geographic and ecological factors in the Jeseníky mountains and their surroundings. First, I visited localities of orchids, which were registered in large databases of their presence in the past. The four most numerous species were analyzed using the program MaxEnt. Based on the revisions, existence of 2/3 of the revised localities was confirmed, 8% of the revised localities became extinct because of overgrowth or due to human intervention in the landscape. From the MaxEnt results it is clear, that for all species the most important factor at the 50 × 50 m scale, is the type of biotope and heterogeneity of the countryside. The most suitable biotopes are floodplain and wetland forests, mesophile meadows, natural scrubs, peat bogs and...
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in South Bohemia
Kosánová, Kristina ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
Orchids are an endangered group of plants, protected both in the Czech Republic and in the whole world. Questions of their protection are therefore lively discussed, but not all factors, affecting their presence, are known so far. The purpose of this work was to find out, which environmental factors influence the existence of certain orchid species at their localities in the selected area. This is important for better protection of orchids, because only by knowing these factors we can find new sites, or improve management plans of the existing ones. Another purpose of this work was to find out what is the main reason for extinction of orchids at their historical localities and whether or not there is a possibility of finding other, yet unknown localities of these species. This thesis is based on data from databases, which were also updated during the data collection. The data were processed by computer software MaxEnt, which produces species distribution models and allows to predict potential occurrence of orchids even at yet unknown localities. This software also analyses the environmental factors affecting species presence. I found that the main reason of extinction of orchids at their historical localities was overgrowing. Main environmental factors affecting orchid occurrence were analysed for...
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Spatial correlations in population dynamics of spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus): Example of Mantel test usage
Šimera, Ondřej ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Ferenc, Michal (referee)
Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) is the most common and abundant beetle from the Scolytidae family in European forests. It is the most important biotic factor causing disturbances and affecting forest ecosystems. Thus, it recently became a subject of discussions, how to manage the forests properly in order to find an adequate equilibrium among economical, turistic and natural values of the forest. Many studies have shown a positive effect of bark beetle outbreaks on biodiversity and natural forest regeneration. It is hard to tell if these outbreaks are regular or not because there are many factors which can elicit them. However, just these factors can help us predict the probability of unforseen population outbreak. One of these methods can be monitoring of surrounding areas because these areas tend to be synchronised. For this purpose, multiple mathematical models can be performed, such as the Mantel test, which determines the correlation between two matrices. Keywords: Spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, population dynamics, spatial correlations, Mantel test
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in lowlands
Štěpán, Jakub ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
This thesis is about plants from the orchid family growing in 9 squares determined by KFME method with focus on the Nymburk region. This thesis describes a lowland area and its biotopes where these species can be found, including the most prominent threatening factors. Based on historical and currently available data I am actively verifying habitats with reported occurrence and by doing so I hope to create an up-to-date database of these taxa. By comparison of current state of orchid occurrence with historic data I will be able to tell more accurately the dynamics of individual populations, reasons for their decrease and suggest precautions for more efficient protection and support of these rare and endangered plant species.
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