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The principle of discretionary evaluation of evidence in Czech case law
Vopršal, Ondřej ; Šámal, Pavel (advisor) ; Císařová, Dagmar (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to represent in detail one of the fundamental principles of the Czech criminal procedure, the principle of free evaluation of evidence. At first the thesis deals with theoretical aspects of this principle, since they are almost unavailable in the modern literature. The author afterwards analyses the extensive judicature of Czech courts (including the Constitutional court) related to general issues of evaluation of evidence as well as to particular means of proof. The thesis also contains proposals of legislative changes, as the legal regulation of criminal procedure seems to be no longer satisfactory.
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Criminal protection and liability of public officials
Kostelanský, Ludvík ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
The criminal protection and responsibility of persons in authority The topic of this thesis is the criminal protection and responsibility of persons in authority. Owing to the fact that since 1/1/2010 the new penal code has come into effect, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the new legislation of issues in question comprehensively, and to compare this new legislation to the protection and responsibility legislation of persons in authority, which was included in the preceding penal code. Primarily, my general interest in criminal law and also the awareness that particularly the definition of persons in authority was shifted, compared to the older definition of public agents, were the reasons for me to choose this topic. The reality of the person in authority definition shift unquestionably deserves attention and a proper analysis. The thesis is divided into five chapters which - as a whole - should provide a complex description of the criminal protection and responsibility of persons in authority. The first chapter deals with historical contexts of the criminal protection and the responsibility of persons in authority in our territory, refers to the main developmental turning points and tries to compare them to current legislations. The second chapter is focused on the analysis of defining a person in...
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The issue of the concept of criminal custody
Koubková, Květa ; Fenyk, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
Závěr Přivést pachatele trestného činu k odpovědnosti. Tak je možno zjednodušeně vyjádřit hlavní úkol trestního řízení. Cesta k dosažení tohoto úkolu se však vyznačuje mimořádně obtížnými momenty konfliktu dvou odlišných zájmů, na jedné straně zájem na účinné ochraně společnosti dopadením a spravedlivým potrestáním pachatele trestného činu, na straně druhé nutný respekt a ochrana základních práv a svobod osoby, proti níž se řízení vede. I s přihlédnutím k předložené práci lze konstatovat, že vůdčím symbolem všech negativních důsledků spojených s trestním řízením je právě vazba. Naproti tomu však nelze opomíjet zatím nezastupitelnou roli tohoto institutu v trestním řízení, neboť přes všechna svá úskalí vazba nezanedbatelným způsobem podporuje a chrání účel trestního řízení. Jsou-li pravidla pro její aplikaci správně nastavena a příslušnými orgány v praxi také náležitě respektována, dají se její negativní konsekvence omezit na nezbytné a ústavně akceptovatelné minimum. V jednotlivých částech této práce byla podrobena rozboru právní úprava vazby uplatňující se v rámci trestního řízení, někdy nazývaná též vyšetřovací. Z hlediska rozsahu práce nebylo možné pokrýt ostatní případy vazby, které jsou tak zmíněny pouze krátkým výčtem v úvodu práce. Prostoru se nedostalo rovněž některým dalším otázkám s vazbou velmi...
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Offender-victim settlement in criminal procedure
Sigmundová, Iva ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
S ohledem na dosud uvedene je patrne, že zavedeni institutu narovnani představuje novou strategii zpracovani konfliktu z pohledu trestniho prava. Standardni trestni řizeni se odehrava zejmena ve znameni rozsahleho dokazovani za účelem prokazani viny a nasledneho odsouzeni a potrestani pachatele trestneho činu a často v jeho ramci dochazi pouze ke zohledňovani naroků poškozenych namisto jejich realneho odškodněni. Naproti tomu v řizeni o schvaleni narovnani jde především o vzajemnou komunikaci obviněneho a poškozeneho za učelem znovunastoleni smirnych socialnich podminek, převzeti osobni odpovědnosti ze strany obviněného a v jehož ramci tež dochazi k uplnemu a realnemu odškodněni poškozeneho. I přes pravě zminěne vyhody je institut narovnani od sameho počatku jeho zavedeni v praxi využivan minimalně. Ve skutečnosti je tedy zaměr zakonodarce zjednodušit, zrychlit a zhospodarnit trestni řizeni daleko od sveho naplněni, alespoň pokud jde o institut narovnani. Odbornou veřejnosti vytykany nedostatek v upravě tohoto institutu, tedy nemožnost schvaleni narovnani v připravnem řizeni statnim zastupcem, byl odstraněn novelou trestniho řadu provedenou zakonem č. 265/2001 Sb. Ovšem ani v následujícím obdobi se četnost využiti tohoto institutu v praxi nikterak nezvyšila a stale zůstava zanedbatelna oproti druhemu typu...
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Renewal of proceedings
Fejklová, Lucie ; Gřivna, Tomáš (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
Remedial measures in criminal law are set mainly to eliminate and correct mistakes, which have occurred in the course of the trial. It acts as a review and a remedy of law and legal defects. It can be divided into regular and special ones. Amid the regular remedial measures belong appeal, complaint and protest, to a group of special remedial measures belong apart from a renewal of proceedings, a review of an appeal and a complaint for the breach of law. Renewal of proceedings is a special remedial measure, which brings with itself interference into legal power. Renewal of proceedings with which one can contest only some legitimate decisions, in which criminal prosecution has already finished, is used for a removal of shortcomings in factual findings, because at that time all the decisive facts had not been known and the evidence, which came up only after the former decision has come into legal force. New evidence or facts underlying this extraordinary breach into inalterability and binding of judgments made in criminal proceedings are only the facts that were not part of evidence or survey or were not applied by any of the parties engaged in the proceedings and the only evidence that was not designed nor made by either party during the proceedings. As new evidence can be even used evidence already...
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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Lenc, David ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
1 Abstract THE CONCEPT AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSGRESSION OF THE LIMITS OF SELF-DEFENCE AND NECESSITY As the name suggests, this Master's thesis examines the concept and legal consequences of transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity. Self-defence and necessity, together with other circumstances excluding illegality, belong to the fundamentals of criminal liability. If all their conditions are fulfilled by some action, which would otherwise give raise to criminal liability, then these legal institutions exclude not only criminal liability, but also illegality of such action (i.e. such action is considered lawful). The purpose of the paper is to provide complex and understandable analysis of these two crucial legal institutions. The analysis is mainly focused on conditions of these legal institutions, which form their limits; determination of conditions which, if not met, constitute the transgression of the limits of self-defence or necessity, and content and cases of fulfilment or failure to fulfil these conditions. (Thus, the cases of the transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity are examined.) After the analysis of such excesses, the thesis addresses specific issues connected with their legal consequences. The thesis is based on Czech legal regulation, namely the...
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Conditional discontinuance of criminal prosecution
Nacházel, Vojtěch ; Šámal, Pavel (advisor) ; Gřivna, Tomáš (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on issues connected with conditional discontinuation of criminal prosecution. This concept enables to temporarily suspend criminal prosecution with the provision that if the accused complies with certain set conditions during a certain probation period, the criminal prosecution will be discontinued with final effect. This paper chiefly aims to analyse in detail the conditions required by the Code of Criminal Procedure for the application of conditional discontinuation of criminal prosecution. The paper also presents a brief analysis of the conditions required for other diversions of criminal proceedings permitted under Czech laws. This diploma thesis consists of the introduction, five individual chapters, of which the third and fourth are further divided into subchapters, and the conclusion. The first chapter deals with the concept of restorative justice, which serves as the ideological basis for procedural diversions. An analysis of its individual values, principles and ideas is presented. The first chapter also includes an outline of the programmes under which restorative justice is being developed. The conclusion of this chapter contains the author's thoughts concerning the individual programmes and their implementation in the Czech legislation. The second chapter...
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