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Properties of hydroxyapatite surface deposited by plasma spray technologies
Matějková, M. ; Čížek, Jan ; Mušálek, Radek ; Dlouhý, I.
The surface properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) deposited on the Ti-6Al-4V substrates by plasma spraying were studied. Two different plasma spray technologies (hybrid plasma spray system (WSP-H) and conventional atmospheric plasma spray technology (APS)) and two various feedstock (suspension for WSP-H and powder for APS) were used for deposition of HA layers potentially suitable for bio-applications. The layers properties (thickness, chemical and phase composition) and coating-substrate interface quality were analyzed. The XRD analysis showed formation of small amount of new phases (TTCP and CaO) in layers deposited by WSP-H. Better coating-substrate interface quality of samples prepared by WSP-H was observed. The results showed the deposition of HA through liquid feedstock via WSP-H as a promising route, complementing the traditional APS powder deposition in the near future.
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PREDICTION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TRANSITION FROM TENSILE TEST DATA APPLYING NEURAL NETWORKS
Dlouhý, I. ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Válka, Libor ; Žák, L.
Reference temperature localizing the fracture toughness temperature diagram on temperature axis was predicted based on tensile test data. Regularization artificial neural network (ANN) was adjusted to solve the interrelation of these properties. For analyses, 29 data sets from low-alloy steels were applied. The fracture toughness transition dependence was quantified by means of master curve concept enabling to represent it using one parameter - reference temperature. Different strength and deformation characteristics from standard tensile specimens and notched specimens, instrumented ball indentation test etc. have been applied. A very promising correlation of predicted and experimentally determined values of reference temperature was found.
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NEW APPROACH TO STRESS-STRAIN CURVE PREDICTION USING BALL INDENTATION TEST
Brumek, J. ; Strnadel, B. ; Dlouhý, Ivo
This work is concerned with the method for predicting stress-strain behavior of material using instrumented indentation technique. High strength low alloy steel with different thermal treatment was taken into the analysis. Heat treatment for the steel was performed to obtain different mechanical properties. Assessment of mechanical properties was done by using inverse technique of the finite element analysis. The results were confronted with conventional test parameters and prediction procedure defined such Automated Ball Indentation Technique (ABIT). Comparison of the material curves shows good agreement with tensile test properties which makes this non-destructive method suitable for industrial application.
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Prediction of the Traction Separation Law of Ceramics Using Iterative Finite Element Modelling
Kozák, Vladislav ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Padělek, P. ; Dlouhý, Ivo
Specific silicon nitride ceramics, the influence of the grain size and orientation on the bridging mechanisms was found. In ceramic matrix composites, crack-bridging mechanisms can provide substantial toughness enhancement coupled with the same and/or increased strength. The prediction of the crack propagation through interface elements based on the fracture mechanics approach and cohesive zone model is investigated. From a number of damage concepts the cohesive models seem to be especially attractive for the practical applications. Within the standard finite element package Abaqus a new finite element has been developed; it is written via the UEL (user’s element) procedure. Its shape can be modified according to the experimental data for the set of ceramics and composites. The element seems to be very stable from the numerical point a view. The shape of the traction separation law for four experimental materials is estimated via the iterative procedure based on the FEM modeling and experimentally determined displacement in indentation experiments, J-R curve is predicted and stability of the bridging law is tested.
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Subsized Specimens for Fracture Resistance Characterisation Including Transferability Issues
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Stratil, Luděk ; Šiška, Filip
The contribution is focused on characterization of methods enabling to apply small/subsized specimens for fracture resistance characterization. The applied methods are divided into transition region and upper shelf region. The approaches used in the upper shelf region represent at the same time methods applicable for ductile materials without transition. Relating to subsized samples two basic approaches are applicable: (i) miniaturized samples based on common standard ones and (ii) specific specimens/methods, e.g. small punch test etc. The results described in the paper belong to the first group. For interpretation of data generated under low constraint conditions toughness scaling models and master curve approached are commented. In ductile region, either the sample used generate valid toughness characteristics, or, if not, there is no way how to correct measured data except damage quantification through micromechanical models.
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Fracture Toughness of Massively Transformed and Subsequently Heat Treated TiAl Intermetallic Compound
Sakurai, K. ; Hasegawa, M. ; Dlouhý, Ivo
The effects of massive transformation and subsequent heat treatments on the microstructure of Ti-46Al-7Nb-0.7Cr-0.2Ni-0.1Si (mol%) intermetallic compounds are studied. Massive transformation occurs at the center region of the specimen by cooling from alpha single phase state. At the surface side of the specimen, alpha phase has remained. Fine convoluted microstructure with alpha 2, gamma phases and lamellar structure has formed by heating at (alpha + gamma) two phase state after massive transformation. Colony size or grain size is about 25 micrometer. Fine fully lamellar structure is obtained after heat treatment of convoluted microstructure at alpha phase for 60 s. Fracture toughness seems to be increasing with the increase in lamellar colony size. However, some massively transformed specimens show lower toughness due to the formation of microdamage present in samples before the test.
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Crack Resistance Characterization in TiAl Intermetallics with Enhanced Toughness
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Stratil, Luděk ; Fukutomi, H. ; Hasegawa, M.
The paper is focused on the analysis of the role of lamellar microstructure in fracture performance of model TiAl intermetallic compound. Coarse lamellar colonies and, at the same time, fine lamellar morphology were prepared by compressive deformation at 1553 K (region of stable alpha phase in TiAl equilibrium diagram) followed by controlled cooling to 1473 K (region of alpha+gamma phase) with delay on this temperature and then cooling down. The fracture toughness was evaluated by means of chevron notch technique. In addition, because of enhanced toughness, crack resistance curves were obtained by load - unload technique of pre-racked beams, namely in two directions of crack propagation relative to lamellar structure. Extensive development of shear ligament toughening mechanism was observed in fracture surfaces leading to quite good fracture toughness thanks to the heat treatment applied.
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Intermetalické sloučeniny syntetizované in-situ v práškových materiálech
Hanusová, Petra ; Novák, Pavel (oponent) ; Skotnicová, Kateřina (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Mechanické zpracování materiálů v tuhém stavu je jedním z nejpoužívanějších a nejrozšířenějších postupů vůbec. Stejně tak jako chemické zpracování tuhých látek je široce rozšířené. Proto spojení těchto dvou způsobů do jednoho se jeví jako logické řešení. Tato metoda se pak nazývá mechanochemické zpracování materiálů. Zpracování materiálů tímto způsobem se vyznačuje mnoha výhodami. Jednak je toto zpracování ekonomicky výhodné, stejně jako technologicky snadno proveditelné. Touto cestou lze připravit dokonce i materiály, které by za normálních podmínek spolu nereagovaly. Mechanochemie/mechanochemická syntéza využívá mechanickou energii k aktivaci chemických reakcí a strukturním změnám. Zejména aluminotermické reakce indukované ve vysoko energetickém planetovém mlýnu nabírají na významu, jako potenciální cesta k přípravě mikro a nano krystalických in – situ kompozitních materiálů s kovovou matricí. Mechanickou aktivací ve vysoko energetickém mlýnu dochází ke změnám reakčních mechanismů z vzniku metastabilních materiálů. V práci byly studovány změny mechanismů reakcí během mechanického legování na čtyřech různých systémech. Jednalo se o systémy se společným základem, kde byl měněn jeden prvek: Al – B2O3 – X (X= C, Ti, Nb, Cr). Dále bylo studováno, zda po mechanickém legování bude docházet v systému k dalším změnám vyvolaným použitím zvýšené teploty a tlaku, tedy pomocí techniky spark plasma sintering (SPS). Všechny systémy byly mechanicky legovány za analogických podmínek. Po provedení legování byla u každého systému provedena analýza pomocí skenovací elektronové mikroskopie, dále byla provedena kvalitativní a kvantitativní analýza pomocí rentgenové difrakce. Pomocí nanoindentace byla vyhodnocena indentační tvrdost a indentační modul pružnosti. Všechny analýzy byly provedeny po mechanickém legování, stejně jako po provedení SPS a výsledky byly mezi sebou vzájemně porovnány. Na základě výsledků byla u sledovaných systémů navržena změna reakčních mechanismů. Bylo zjištěno, že dochází k tvorbě kompozitních materiálů s kovovou matricí a v případě použití chromu došlo k vytvoření hybridního kompozitního materiálu vyztuženého intermetalickou fází a boritanem hlinitým.
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COATING OF CR-V LEDEBURITIC TOOL STEEL WITH CrAgN
Jurči, P. ; Krum, S. ; Dlouhý, Ivo
The Vanadis 6 tool steel has been coated with CrN, doped with small silver addition, by reactive magnetron sputtering. Some of coated specimens were subsequently vacuum annealed at 500 degrees C. The microstructure of film has been investigated on fracture surfaces of samples. Adhesion was evaluated by scratch-test. Wear resistance was measured using a pin-on-disc method, against alumina and 100Cr6 balls, at ambient and elevated temperatures. Experimental results have shown that the CrN-layers with an addition of 3%Ag have grown in a columnar manner. The addition of small amount of silver makes the adhesion on the substrate better. At an ambient temperature, no positive effect of the Ag-addition to the wear characteristics was found. But, in the testing temperature range 400 - 500 degrees C, significant lowering of friction coefficient and improvement of wear resistance were recorded. This can be attributed to the transport of Ag towards the surface, and thereby reduced friction force.
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