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Determination of hyaluronan by electromigration methods
Bártová, Adéla ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
This thesis is focused on description hyaluronic acid, characterization of its behaviour in water solutions, its chemical-physical properties and its using in different industrial sectors. The next part deals with possibilities of its analysis. The following section of the thesis is focused on electromigration techniques with special attention dedicated to capillary electrophoretic methods, especially capillary zone electrophoresis. The aim of this thesis is optimization of the method of determination of hyaluronic acid in water solutions by capillary zone electrophoresis.
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Determination of Hydroxyacids including their Low- and High Molecular Derivatives
Lysáková, Klára ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the determination of hydroxy acids and their low and high molecular polymers. The theoretical part deals with their properties, production and utilization. The polymers of these substances are used as biodegradable plastics and as absorbable sewing materials. The experimental part is focused on the determination of the total component and on the composition and amount of impurities of selected samples of ethyl lactate, lactides and polylactide. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and tandem techniques using GC/MS and Head-Space-GC/MS analysis.
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Assessment of the drinking water treatment plant effectiveness via ecotoxicological tests and screening analyses
Nývltová, Barbora ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The quality of raw water is deteriorating with the continuous increase in environmental pollution. Raw water is being modified to drinking water by technological processes, and it is therefore necessary to put increased demands on the efficiency of these technological processes and their possible innovation. Due to the fact that raw water is contaminated with different types of pollutants, it is necessary to continuously control the drinking water supplied to the public distribution network in order to ensure its quality. Drinking water treatment is still unable to treat the raw water perfectly, its pollution is only reduced to acceptable standards. For this reason, it is indispensable that the quality of drinking water is being checked regularly and at the same time the efficiency of individual technological processes of drinking water treatment is assessed. This includes screening analysis or eventually ecotoxicological tests. The thesis focuses on the efficiency of technological processes of drinking water treatment. Within the experimental part, samples of raw water and samples of water after each separation stage have been collected at the drinking water treatment plant in the Czech Republic. These samples have been subjected to ecotoxicological tests and screening analysis. Based on the ecotoxicological tests carried out on Thamnocephalus platyurus, Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri, we can assume the emergence of harmful chlorinated by-products, resulting to nearly 100% mortality in T. platyurus. The results of the screening analysis carried out indicate, after the extraction of specimens by the SPE method using HPLC/MS, that the most effective method for the removal of hormonal substances is ozonization.
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Detailed characterization of pyrolysis oil by separation techniques and mass spectrometry
Žvaková, Veronika ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
The aim of this work is detailed characterization of pyrolysis oil by advanced analytical separation methods and mass spectrometry. During the pyrolysis process decomposition of complex organic material take place in the presence of high temperatures and the absence of oxygen. Condensable part of vapours and aerosols forms viscous liquid called pyrolysis oil which is a complex mixture of large amount of compounds. In this work samples from microwave pyrolysis of woodchips and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant Brno-Modřice were analysed. Samples were provided by Bionic Laboratories company. Samples were separated by column chromatography on activated silica. For detailed characterization of each fraction gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection with time of flight analyser were used. Substances that have been identified can be divided into several groups: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acid and heterocycles.
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Artificial sweeteners and their potential impact on the ecosystem
Vavrčíková, Veronika ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the determination and ecotoxicological assessment of artificial sweeteners. The diploma was focused on monitoring the most commonly used sweeteners, which includes acesulfam-K, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose. These sweeteners were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using solid phase extraction for their concentration. The samples for their determination were taken from wastewater treatment plant in Modrice. Artificial sweeteners are synthetically produced substances, which is the main reason for their occurrence in waste water. Some of them are not efficiently removed from the wastewater treatment plant and penetrate into the environment. Analysis of the samples was found, that sucralose penetrates into the environment. The ecotoxicological effect of the sweeteners was evaluated via aquatic organisms, namely on the freshwater crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, on the water plant Lemna minor, and the battery of tests was supplemented by a representative of the destructors Vibrio fischeri. For all sweeteners, LC20, EC20 and IC20 values were determined. For some sweeteners, LC50, EC50 and IC50 values were also determined. During testing, saccharin represented the highest toxicity.
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Determination of beta-blockers in wastewater
Csabová, Dominika ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The thesis discusses the issue of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Beta – blockers are clinically important drugs which are highly used to treat cardio-vascular diseases such as hypertension, arrhytmia and angina pectoris. This group of drugs was chosen because of their already proven toxicity on aquatic organisms. The matrix examined was a wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant of a University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno. The thesis focuses on an optimization of an analytical method for the identification and quantification of analytes in this group of drugs. A solid- phase extraction ( SPE) was used for the isolation of analytes in a wastewater sample. A method of ultra - high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with the UV-VIS detection using a diode array detector (DAD) was used for the final analysis. Target analytes were metoprolol and propanolol.
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Determination of NSAIDs in wastewater
Krůzová, Sabina ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The thesis focuses on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater. It characterizes drugs and defines specific methods of determination naproxen and ibuprofen in wastewater. Besides their characteristics there are pre-analytics and final analytic methods described here which are used for determination of drugs in wastewater. To analyse we used wastewater from Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University in Brno. Samples were filtered and concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and after that they were analysed by UHPLC with diode array detector. Thanks to these practices and methods, there were found, that concentration of naproxen in wastewater from VFU Brno was below the limit of quantification and ibuprofen wasn´t detected in most of cases.
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The Application of Separation Techniques Based on Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Different Types of Detectors for the Determination of Biologically Active Compounds and Selected Xenobiotics
Mravcová, Ludmila ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Chýlková,, Jaromíra (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work deals with the using and application of separation techniques for analysis of polymers degradation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thereby this work is separated to two special parts. In the first part, the degradation properties of synthetic biopolymers based on lactic acid, gylcolic acid and poly(ethyleneglycol) PLGA-PEG-PLGA and ITA-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-ITA (modified by itaconic acid) were studied. These copolymers (firstly their thermosensitive hydrogels) should be used for therapy of fractures in orthopedy (as adhesives). Therefore, the sol-gel and gel-sol phase diagrams were determinated for selected samples of copolymers. The samples forming gel at 37 C was used for other study. Polymer samples were depredated in phosphate buffer at 37°C. The degradation process of physical hydrogels was described by the decrease of molecular weight and the increase of concentration lactic acid and glycolic acid in phosphate buffer. The obtained results confirmed that the degradation of polymer modified by itaconic acid is faster process than no modified polymer and polymers with lower ratio PLGA/PEG degrade also faster than lower ration PLGA/PEG. The influence of pH it was also tested. The rate of degradation of polymers was follow pH 4,0
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Contamination of environment of musk compounds
Tobková, Lenka ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Synthetic musk compounds are artificial organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of personal care products as parfums, cosmetics, detergents, in-house cleaning and washing agents. Given their large area of applications and their ability to be persistent, they leaked into all parts of ecosystem, especially aquatic one. There have been a big focus on studiyng these compounds, their properties and fate in the different parts of ecosystems in the last years. The aim of master's thesis was carry out the determination of five representatives (habanolide, exaltolide, ambrettolide, musk MC4 and ethylene brassylate) of macrocyclic musk compounds in waste water samples from influent and effluent of three water treatment plants (WWTP Brno-Modřice, WWTP Lednice and WWTP Mikulov). One of the main tasks was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected musk compounds in waste water and evaluation and interpretation of the results. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used for the extraction of analytes, consequently gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for analysis of selected analytes. Following evaluation the removal efficiency of musk compounds in the waste water treatment plant was assessed.
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