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English copular verbs "feel" and "sound" and their Czech translation equivalents
Špryslová, Lenka ; Malá, Markéta (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
This BA thesis focuses on the English copular verbs feel and sound, more precisely on the verbo-nominal predications that include these verbs, and their translation into Czech. The aim of the work was to analyze 200 examples (100 examples of copular feel and 100 of sound) and their translation equivalents. The excerption was carried out with the help of the parallel corpus Intercorp and the software ParaConc, which makes it possible to search parallel corpora. The work aimed at demonstrating the differences between the English and Czech systems of copular verbs and to describe the process of their translation. The theoretical part offers a systematic description of the views on English copular verbs in major English and Czech grammars. For the sake of comparison, it also offers the summary of the Czech approach to Czech copular verbs. The survey is then completed with the description of frequency of the two copular verbs under examination. The practical part of the thesis analyzes the examples themselves. First, it describes the translation of the copular verb, further on, it focuses on the so-called fusion of the copular verb and the subject complement in the Czech lexical verb and the third part of the analysis deals with the subject complement and its translation equivalents. Apart from the overt...
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Adjectives in postposition: identification and the meaning of the noun phrase
Neubauerová, Alena ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
In the noun phrases, adjectives can be placed either before the noun (prepositively) or after the noun (postpositively). This thesis is concerned with the description of postponed adjectives and with the reasons for postposition. These reasons can be grammatical, semantic, or semantico-grammatical (for example, the phrase contains another adjective in a superlative degree, or the adjective has different meanings regarding its position in the phrase). The grammars used for this thesis list these reasons and divide them into categories that are all described in the theoretical part of this thesis. The use of postponed adjectives in practice is demonstrated using examples excerpted from the British National Corpus which were assigned into categories based on semantic and syntactic criteria. Those categories listed in the theoretical part of this thesis are supplemented by those established to describe the actual examples from the Corpus. Thirty adjectives were analyzed in detail and illustrate, e.g., cases of semantic difference between pre and post-head adjectives, terminological units or cases where the position is variable. From all these examples, the conclusions about the practical use of postposition are drawn.
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Czech relative clauses in translation to English
Švecová, Martina ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
This thesis deals with relative clauses in Czech, particularly with those which have the relative word in the nominative case, and their translation counterparts in English. Czech does not have the possibility of juxtaposition of the relative word and the finite verb; it uses more explicit formulations. Therefore, the translator has to choose either a literal translation, ie more explicit, or a nonfinite clause, or eventually a prepositional phrase. Another possibility is to translate the relative clause by other means, e.g. a coordination. The first part is concerned with the theoretical definition of the Czech and English relative clauses with the help of the respective books of grammar. The second part comprises the analysis of 123 examples of Czech relative clauses and their English translation counterparts. The examples were chosen from three novels by Czech authors with the help of the software ParaConc which enables parallel work with multilingual corpora. The examples were sorted according to the above mentioned criteria, ie from more explicit to less explicit and other means of translation other than a relative clause.
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English present perfect in translation from Czech
Kuznetsova, Anna ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Vašků, Kateřina (referee)
This BA thesis deals with the tense which has no direct counterpart in the Czech language, i.e. the present perfect tense. There is only one past tense in Czech in contrast to the three in English: perfect, preterite, pluperfect (simple and progressive forms). Those tenses differ in the time zone they refer to. It is also important to mention that the temporal meaning of a verb can be influenced by context, e.g. presence of an adverbial. The thesis summarizes the theoretical background of the present perfect and the present perfect progressive. In the analytical part 137 authentic examples excerpted with the ParaConc software are sorted according to the meaning of the present perfect and consequently analysed according to their morphological structure, semantics and pragmatics (comparing the Czech sources and the English translations). The conditions which lead to the use of the perfect tense when translated from Czech are then deduced.
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English modal verb "shall", its meanings and Czech counterparts
Horálek, Štěpán ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
This study focuses on the English modal verb SHALL, which is nowadays on the decline especially in American English, and explores its meanings and translational counterparts in Czech. The theoretical chapter of the study will first present a brief overview of the concept of modality and English modals and then comment specifically on the uses of SHALL as a deontic modal and a future auxiliary. Likewise, an overview of its meanings as well as its formal criteria will be presented. Additionally, a remark on frequency of SHALL will be made and the situation in Czech will be outlined. In the empirical chapter of the study, 128 occurrences of SHALL provided by the corpus Intercrop will be analyzed in two stages. First, the occurrences will be studied according to the meanings of SHALL described in the theoretical part and then their Czech translational correlates will be taken into focus. The conclusion will summarize and evaluate the findings from the empirical chapter and will combine the results of the two analyses in order to present an overview of the Czech counterparts of SHALL according to its meanings.
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Syntactic, semantic and FSP aspects of ditransitive complementation: a study of give, lend, send, offer and show
Brůhová, Gabriela ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The subject of the present study is an analysis of five ditransitive verbs: give, lend, send, offer and show. The study focuses on the position of the two objects and on the factors that have an impact on the object ordering. An attempt is here made to provide a systematic overview of the position of the two objects with respect to their realization (i.e. substantival or pronominal). As regards the realization of the two objects, four types are distinguished: i. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by nouns; ii. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by pronouns; iii. Oi /Oprep realized by a noun and Od by a pronoun; iv. Oi /Oprep realized by a pronoun and Od by a noun. The position of the objects is assumed to be associated with the distribution of communicative dynamism or in other words with the principle of end-focus, i.e. that given information tends to precede new information. The second principle that operates in the ordering the two objects is the principle of end-weight. Of the three (or four, including intonation) factors whose interplay determines the FSP function of a clause element, in the case of ditransitive complementation the most important role is played by the contextual factor. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the context-dependence / independence of the two objects. The present...
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English translation counterparts of Czech relative clauses
Sedláčková, Markéta ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Dušková, Libuše (referee)
The thesis studies authentic English translation counterparts of the Czech relative clauses with the relative in nominative with the objective to describe realization forms of this modifier, which uses nonfinite clauses on a larger scale. In addition, English signals restrictive function of the modifiers with a comma, Czech does not do so. The theoretical part deals separately with English and Czech syntactic relations, modification, and related topics. It sums up main differences and similarities perceived as the consequence of the differences between analytical-nominal character of English, and flective-verbal character of Czech. The study proceeds from general to more detailed, i. e. from the syntactic relations to the non-obligatory process of the modification of the noun. Next, the characterisitics of nominal phrase constituents is described, emphasising the relative clause. However, English part is more focused on the non-finite modifiers, as is supposed that their presence in the data will be denser. Hence, there are separate sections speaking about -ing participle, -ed participle, infinitive, adjectives, prepositional phrase, and apposition. The excerption results show that the relative clause may be translated into preposed adjectives and other types of finite dependent clauses. As the next topic,...
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Syntactic, semantic and FSP aspects of ditransitive complementation: a study of give, lend, send, offer and show
Brůhová, Gabriela ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The subject of the present study is an analysis of five ditransitive verbs: give, lend, send, offer and show. The study focuses on the position of the two objects and on the factors that have an impact on the object ordering. An attempt is here made to provide a systematic overview of the position of the two objects with respect to their realization (i.e. substantival or pronominal). As regards the realization of the two objects, four types are distinguished: i. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by nouns; ii. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by pronouns; iii. Oi /Oprep realized by a noun and Od by a pronoun; iv. Oi /Oprep realized by a pronoun and Od by a noun. The position of the objects is assumed to be associated with the distribution of communicative dynamism or in other words with the principle of end-focus, i.e. that given information tends to precede new information. The second principle that operates in the ordering the two objects is the principle of end-weight. Of the three (or four, including intonation) factors whose interplay determines the FSP function of a clause element, in the case of ditransitive complementation the most important role is played by the contextual factor. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the context-dependence / independence of the two objects. The present...
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The expression of interpersonal metadiscourse in English and Czech academic texts
Sudková, Marcela ; Malá, Markéta (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
This MA thesis explores the means of expressing interpersonal function in Czech and English academic texts. These expressions are found at various levels (e.g. lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical) and our classification takes into account both formal and functional point of view. From the various approaches to meadiscourse we have chosen the integrative approach subsuming both interpersonal and textual features of metadiscouse. However, this thesis focuses mainly on the interpersonal features. In the first part of the thesis, a detailed analysis of four academic texts was performed in order to get a range of expressions for the controlling search. The aim of the controlling search was to verify the findings from the detailed analysis and to find out to what extent the selected expressions were represented in a larger set of data. For this search we gathered twenty academic articles dealing with linguistics, ten per each language. Despite the different language types, Czech and English use similar means to express interpersonal features of metadiscourse. The greatest difference was found in the category of relational markers and self-mentions, other categories displayed relatively similar frequencies. Key words: metadiscourse, interpersonal function, Czech, English, academic register,...
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Unintended impoliteness of Czech speakers in English. A Czech-English contrastive study
Vokurková, Iva ; Klégr, Aleš (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
In the world of today, cross-cultural interaction takes place every day at many levels of our lives, be it a study stay abroad, work, migration or simply a holiday. The world is getting more and more interconnected, the term "global village" is today more true than ever and with globalisation and European Union integration people from various parts of the world and with various cultural backgrounds are brought together and interact in one way or another. However, communication, although having a number of universally applicable features, is culturally (as well as socially, etc.) determined and therefore it is of great importance to the interactants from culturally different backgrounds to keep this fact in mind and be constantly aware that in different cultures people can be accustomed to achieving the same ends by using different linguistic (and other) means. The field that studies the differences as well as similarities between linguistic means and communicative patterns of different languages is called cross-cultural pragmatics. Its outputs and conclusions help to detect the pragmatic sources of miscommunications as well as bring a new perspective on the languages and cultures in question. This knowledge proves useful not only in foreign language classrooms but in all sorts of situations to all kinds of...
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