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Analysis breeding of milk cattle on the chosen biofarme
Plášková, Pavlína ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to evaluace the conditions of dairy cattle breeding in ecological agriculture and to compare them with concrete values taken from the chosen ecological farm Bílčice, which has been part of ecological agriculture since 2011 and which is focused on czech fleckvieh breeding and bio milk production. The first part deals with dairy cattle breed characteristic, main objectives and ecological agriculture principals, welfare problems, breed cattle and utility control, housing technology, nutrition and feeding, mechanical milking technology, milk production, reproduction, health condition and breeding economy. The practical part contains the rating of milk yield index (milk production, % proteins, % fat) and reproduction index ( meantime, perioda service, insemination index and after first parturition percentage). 650 pieces of cos were stabled at farm, from that 200 pices of dairy cos were mostly czech fleckvieh. Monitoring was made in 2013. Dayily milk production was around 2 750 kg. The milk utility for lactacion was in 2013 6 100 kg of milk, 3,89 % fat and 3,34 % proteins. The dairy cos were free stabled with high bedding, They were mechanically milked twice a day in herringbone parlours. Milk is being delivered once in twodays to Olma dairy. Cows are regularly driven out to pasture in summer feeding period. They are extra fed with 10 kg of clover silage and 6 kg of scarp (barely, wheat, triticale). Cows stays in stables for winter time. The ration consists of 45 kg of clover silage, 6 kg of scarp, 2 kg of lupine and 1 kg of corn in first time of lactacion. The cow utility in transitional form of economy at farm Bilcice was 7 477 kg of milk in 2010, a value in the Czech Republic was 7 726 kg of milk. After entering the ecological agriculture in 2013 milk yield at the farm decreased on 6 100 kg of milk and the average value in the Czech Republic increased to 8 370 kg of milk. The cow utility in transitional form was 4,03 % fat in 2010 and 3,89 % in 2013 (ecological agriculture). A diference between 2010 and 2013 is 0,14 %. Proteins were 3,39 % in 2010 and 3,34 % in 2013. There was average value for every reproduction index. The service period was 96 days and the meantime was 400 days, the insemination index was 1,8 and the after first parturition percentage was 54,2 %.
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Performance recording in Charolais beef herd
Jelínek, Petr ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Summary
In this thesis I dealt with verification of performance of beef cattle Charolais Breed on farm: Chov Charolais spol. s r. o. Slabce. The main objective of my diploma work was to assess the growth abilities of calves Charolais breed from birth till weaning in relation to various factors, for instance: gender, order of calving, number of born calves during one calving, month and year of the birth on the respective farm. The relevant data was assessed for the period of years 2012 - 2015. In this period there was born 324 calves of which 162 bulls, 153 heifers and 9 still born calves. The assessment of calf's growth characteristics was related to the average birthweight, average gain from birth to 120 days, and average weight at the age of 120 and 210 days. For the evaluation of calf's growth characteristics was used data gained from the database of performance testing of beef cattle (KUMP) for the given period. Growth parameters related to selected factors were processed with the use of statistical software SAS 9.3 (SAS 9.3, 2011).
The average weight of young bulls at birth was 33,58 kg and average weight of heifers was 32,99 kg. The average weight of bulls at the age of 120 days was 183,66 kg and the average weight of heifers was 175,58 kg which was demonstrated to be statistically significant (P < 0,01). The average weight of bulls at the age of 210 days was 288,28 kg which is again higher than heifers with average weight of 264,21 kg (P < 0,05). To summarize, there was identified statistically significant difference of the gender influence in behalf of bulls.
After comparison of average weight at birth, at the age of 120 and 210 days separately for twins and an only child, there is obvious and also statistically significant finding (P < 0,01) that the observed twins are usually smaller at birth and their growth abilities are worse than that of only child. The average weight at birth for an only child is about 4,48 kg higher compared to twins. Then the average weight at the age of 120 days for an only child is about 38,68 kg higher than average weight of twings. Finally the average weight at the age of 210 days is about 58,26 kg higher for an only child.
Regarding to the influence of order of calving there was identified no significant effect to both average birth weight and weight at the age of 210 days. The only statistical significance was identified between order of calving and the average weight at the age of 120 days in 1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th order of calving (P < 0,05). Further I found out that calves in the 1st order of calving have significantly lower average weight from the 1st calving mothers at the age of 120 days than the calves in the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th order of calving. The average weight of calves at the age of 120 days is about 9,29 kg lower than weight of calves in the 2nd order of calving. On the other hand the average weight of calves at the age of 120 days in the 5th order of calving is about 18,37 kg higher than weight of calves in the 1st order of calving. Similarly, calves in the 7th order of calving have about 13,63 kg higher weight than calves from the 1st calving mothers. And also calves at the age of 120 days in the 10th order of calving have about 15,78 kg higher weight than calves from the 1st calving mothers.
In respect of influence of year of birth was identified statistically significant different level (P < 0,01) of the average birthweight in year 2013 compared to other years. Similarly there was demonstrated the statistically significant difference (P < 0,01) regarding to the average gain from birth in year 2013 compared to other years. The average birthweight in 2013 was 34,91 kg. The lowest average birthweight of 31,65 kg was observed in 2015. And for instance in 2012 the average birthweight was 32,48 kg which is still about 2,43 kg lower than in 2013. Regarding the evaluation of the average gain from birth till the age of 120 days there was only reported value of 1046,78 g in 2013. The best year regarding the average gain from birth till the age of 120 days was year 2014 which represented value of 1214,37 g.
In the observed breed there took place births predominantly from January till June. Regarding the month of birth there was demonstrated statistically significant difference (P < 0,05) in respect of average birthweight of calves born in May 31,98 kg compared calves born in February 32,55 kg and in March 33,07 kg. Further was identified statistically significant difference regarding the average gain from birth for calves born in June 995,28 g compared to calves born in February 1197,87 g (P < 0,01). Similarly in March was reported value of 1181,18 g (P < 0,05). The last statistically significant difference (P < 0,01) was identified in respect of average weight at the age of 210 days of calves born in May 199,55 kg and in June 201 kg in comparison to calves born in January 282,05 kg, in February 284,65 kg, in March 277,21 kg and in April 277,76 kg. To conclude, based on the statistical analysis, conclusive results and literary sources there had been confirmed hypothesis that internal factors positively affect the growth abilities of calves.
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Effect of selected factors on reproductive characteristics of dairy cows
Šťásková, Michaela ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the effect of selected factors on the reproductive characteristics of Montbeliard dairy cows. Hypothesis said that high milk production, poor health and high air temperatures have a negative effect on reproductive indicators of cows.
In the literature review, there were summarized knowledge about the factors affecting fertility, reproductive indicators and a description of the breed. Observation was carried out on the farm Osičky, which is one of the centers of the company Agrodružstvo Lhota pod Libčany. To assess the influence of milk yield and health were monitored all standard lactations of dairy cows, which were completed in the period from 1. 1. 2014 to 31. 12. 2015. This gave rise to a set of 632 lactations.
To evaluate the milk production was data set divided by the number of lactation, quarter of calving and the rate of milk production into three groups. As a disease with an expected negative impact on fertility, mastitis was selected. Besides air temperature, the relative humidity was assessed too. Indicators such as days open, days from calving to calving and services per conception were evaluated. In order to assess the impact of climate change on fertility data file was divided into 3 groups of air temperature, by quarter, according to the category of cows and by calendar year. Services per conception, pregnancy after the first insemination and pregnancy after all insemination, were assessed. Data could be obtained only from a whole herd of cows and heifers. For statistical evaluation has been used SAS 9.3 software (SAS / STAT 9.3, 2011).
Achieved an average length of days open was 98.07 days, days from calving to calving 380.62 days, services per conception was 1.94, pregnancy after the first insemination in heifers 54.28% and 48.43% in cows, yield per lactation was 8 407, 98 kg of milk with fat contents of 3.65 % and a protein contents of 3.53 %. Mastitis occurred only in 17.72 % of cases. The average monthly air temperature during the year 2014 ranged from 1.3 ° C to 21.2 ° C, in 2015 it was 1.5 ° C - 23.2 ° C.
From the results of the regression analysis, it was found that the milk production per lactation had a statistically significant effect on the length of the days open (r = 0.214; P <0.001), services per conception (r = 0.296; P <0.001) and days from calving to calving (r = 0.147; P < 0.01). Therefore we can talk about the significant influence of milk production per lactation. With the increasing amount of milk kg days open and days from calving to calving extended and services per conception also grew. Analysis of variance confirmed the effect of the amount of milk yield per lactation on days from calving to calving (P <0.05), days open (P <0.001) and services per conception (P <0.001). Furthermore, quarter of calving had a significant effect (P <0.05) on services per conception and days open and the effect of category on pregnancy after all insemination (P <0.01) and services per conception has been demonstrated (P <0.05). Heifers showed demonstrably better results of assessed reproductive characteristics compared to cows. There was no effect of the incidence of mastitis on days open, days from calving to calving and services per conception proven (P> 0.05). Effect of air temperature on services per conception, pregnancy after the first insemination and pregnancy after all insemination, was not statistically proven (P > 0.05). Furthermore it has been approved many correlations between different parameters at the levels of significance (P < 0.001, P < 0.05).
The hypothesis was confirmed only for the negative impact of high milk production, but the impact of poor health and high air temperatures on reproduction was not approved. The results indicate a healthy herd in terms of mastitis, good management of breeding, which minimizes heat stress and which is of relatively high milk yield and proven negative impact of high milk production to reproduction, achieved a good level of reproduction.
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Effect of external and internal factors on milk production and quality
Chmelíková, Markéta ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis titled "The impact of external and internal factors on the production and quality of milk" was to evaluate these effects in the company. Venture in which those effects are assessed is Kozákov-cooperative in northern Bohemia, on the border of the Bohemian Paradise and Krkonose Mountains foothills at an altitude of approximately 500 m. Kozákov-cooperative behaves Czech Pied cattle. Evaluated were about 290 dairy cows, it is mainly for pasture breeding. This team is not complete the objective of maximum intensity of the yield, but it is also to ensure that the cows produce milk more lactation periods. At present about 200 cows free housing barn in the BIOS, and about 90 cows housed in the stachion stable K 96. In this work we compared the influence of different conditions in the breed and type of housing.
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The use of sheepdogs in sheep breeding
Venhodová, Hana ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Nohejlová, Lenka (referee)
In my bachelor's thesis I give an overview of sheep farming and grazing using sheepdogs. In the first part, I focus on rearing sheep -- especially on the characteristics of types and breeds reared for profit, on nutrition, housing and grazing. In the second part, I focus on rearing sheepdogs, especially on their characteristics and selected breeds, choice of pups, upbringing, care, and problem behaviour. I have tried to point out the differences in temperament and type of sheepdogs compared with regularly reared dog breeds. Sheep farming has a long tradition in the Czech Republic and remains an important sector of livestock production. The importance of sheep farming lies mainly in the versatile usableness of sheep (meat, milk, wool and by-products, e.g. manure) and, in the recent years, also in ecological farming. Sheep are being reared in sheepfolds or adapted buildings. Sheep are typical grazing animals. There are various grazing systems: set stocking, paddock grazing, strip grazing, and grazing of sheep in combination with other farm animals. To feed sheep, we usually either let them graze or -- in the winter -- feed them hay; alternatively we use sillage, high-energy feeds or root crops. There are a large number of breeds of sheep used for grazing. Based on their purpose, we distinguish combined breeds (e.g. Merino, Merinolandschaf, Tsigai), meat- (e.g. Suffolk, Charollais, Texel) and milk-breeds (e.g. East Friesian sheep), and prolific breeds (e.g. Romanov sheep). Both pure breeding and crossbreeding are being used. Together with the return to sheep grazing, breeders are increasingly using sheepdogs for the protection of their herds. A sheepdog can independently guard a herd and its constant presence deters predators, stray dogs and thieves. Sheepdogs live with herds on pastures. The breeds used include Bernese Mountain Dog, Caucasian, Anatolian Shepherd Dog and Central Asian Shepherd Dog. These dogs are strong and massive, confident, and fearless even when facing large predators. These breeds have no tests of performance so we choose pups from litters where the parents work and use their instincts on a daily basis. These dogs have genetic dispositions for guarding and only need time for the development of their skills. Training sheepdogs is therefore focused primarily on managing unwanted behaviour and upbringing near herds of sheep so that the dog can form a strong bond with sheep.
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The economic evaluation of beef cattle breeding
Říhová, Monika ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The objective of this dissertation is the evaluation of economic indicators of beef cattle farming on a specific family farm in the time period from 2013 to 2015 in Bukovina u Čisté village, Semily District. The family focuses on a crop and livestock production. The farming takes place on 110 hectares of land, the fertile ground makes 54 ha. The livestock production concentrates on breeding cows without any milk production and the bulls fattening. The amount of cows was 23 pieces to 27 pieces in the period from 2013 to 2015. Because of the crossbreeding the cows following breeds are represented: Czech Pied cattle (20 %), Limousin (72 %) and Charolais (8 %). In the bulls fattening area were more breeds represented caused by the purchased bulls. Breeds represented: Limousin (32 %), Czech Pied cattle (42 %), Blonde d Aquitaine (1 %), Aberdeen Angus (23 %) and Holstein cattle (3 %).
The processing and evaluation of economic results was prevented by factors affecting the economics of farming. In the reproduction part are the factors - the calving interval, the age structure of the cows and the scatter of births during the year. The bulls fattening part contains the research of the bulls breeds representation, age structure and carcass weight. The economic indicators consist of the evaluation of the costs, revenues, profit and the level of profitability. The breeding was evaluated in the conclusion of this dissertation and the suggestions for improvement was recommended.
The calving interval of the cows in 2013 lasted on average of 408 days, in 2014 decreased by 9 % to 373 days, and in 2015 decreased by further 9 % up to 337 days. Heifers reached 3 years of age at birthing. The oldest cows were 11 years old. The biggest group of cows was at the age of 7 years with a 27 % share. The Breeders preference is the calving during the winter to spring time period. In 2013 the birthing period lasted from February to July, in 2014 from March, except June and August, until October and in 2015 from February to August. For the entire period was 76 % of births in the barn and 24 % of births on pasture. In the entire period 76 % of births happened in the barn and 24 % of births on pasture.
The bulls fattening contained 42 % of own breeding and the next part consist of purchased bulls. The largest group of bulls are Czech Pied cattle constituting of 42 %. Limousin Bulls breeds and Aberdeen Angus breeds created 21 % and 79 % out of that are owned by the breeder. The best average of hot carcass weight (HCW) was 399kg at Aberdeen Angus breed. The value of the carcass at Limousin bulls was 8 % lower and the bulls of the Czech Pied cattle was more than 20 % lower. The slaughter bulls were sold at an average age of 23 months and HCW 344 kg in 2013, in 2014 at the average age of 24 months and HCW 379 kg, in 2015 at the average age of 22 months and HCW 330 kg. The highest variability was recorded in the year 2015 with a value of 34,63 % and the lowest in 2013 with 8,80 %.
During the time period the highest cost entry has not changed. Just the share was different. The feed entry share was at 61,7 % in 2013, at 68,89 % in 2014 and at 52,30 % in 2015. 95,7 % of the total cost was assigned to the own feeding. The expenses in 2013 were 912 919 CZK, in 2014 dropped to 845 368 CZK and in 2015 increased to 1 213 190 CZK. The cost of one feeding day per cattle in 2013 was 28,10 CZK, in 2014 decreased to 26,02 CZK and in 2015 increased to 37,35 CZK.
The revenues were affected by the sale of cattle for slaughter. In 2013 was sold 21 pieces of cattle for a total amount of 545 040 CZK, in 2014 was sold 32 pieces of bulls in the total value of 977 643 CZK and in 2015 36 pieces of bulls in the total amount of 867 885,60 CZK. The sales of slaughter units in the total amount of revenue in 2013 did the share of 68,61 %, in 2014 increased to 72,25 % and in 2015 decreased to 59,20 %. In 2015 was the receipt share from slaughter bulls of 30 % based on the sale of alive bulls to Austria. Total revenues in 2013 were 823 517 CZK, in 2014 increased by 39 % to 1 353 080 CZK and in 2015 increased by 7 % to 1 466 062 CZK.
The Profit was calculated in 2013 as a loss in the value of 89 402 CZK. In the subsequent years there was a profit. In 2014 profit in the amount of 507 712 CZK and in 2015 the profit decreased to 252 872 CZK. The profit ratio in 2013 amounted to a negative value - 10 %, in 2014 increased to 60 % and in 2015 dropped to 21 %.
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Effect of internal factors on milk production and quality
Šťásek, Jan ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to monitor and evaluate the impact of internal factors on the production and quality of milk in a herd of montbeliarde cattle. The hypothesis was that worse results of reproduction adversely affect milk production. Data collection took place on a farm Osičky agricultural company Agrodružstvo Lhota pod Libčany for the period from 1.1.2010 to 31.12.2015. The file was obtained 1 849 standard lactations completed in this period. The source of data for evaluation of milk production, milk quality and reproductive performance of cows were cards, program Farmsoft from Farmtec used to herd management and output data from the inspections carried out by the utility Chovservis Inc. residing in Hradec Kralove.
A statistically highly significant difference (P<0,01) between the first and all other amounts lactation in milk, fat and protein kg per lactation and fat in % and between 1st and 5th and more lactations in % protein. Was a positive effect of length of service period and the length of the intervening period the quantity of milk, fat and protein in kg per lactation at significance level P<0,001 and the negative influence of the length meantime to protein content in % (P<0,001). He was also found at least P<0,001 positive effect on lactation length produced kilograms of milk, fat and protein. Fat and protein also positively influenced the amount of milked milk (P<0,001). It was statistically insignificant effect on the incidence of mastitis production and milk quality (P>0,05), based on correlations may have an adverse effect on the percentage of fat and protein at a higher incidence of mastitis expected. The influence of the proportion of blood Montbeliarde breed was statistically proven only on the amount of milk and protein in kg per lactation, but still pure-bred animals came out the best in all of the indicators except for milk production fat percentage.
From comparison of the calving showed that his herd performance increases every year, the quality of milk as the fat content in % but conversely decreases. For the month of calving has been shown to influence the percentage of fat and protein at a significance level of P<0,001, the quantity of milked milk (P<0,01) and the amount of produced protein in kg per lactation (P<0,05).
The hypothesis that impaired reproduction results negatively affecting milk production has not been confirmed. It was found to influence reproduction indicators on production and quality of milk, but this influence in a positive direction. The negative effect was demonstrated only for the length of the interim influence on protein content in %.
Overall, the level of flock assessed as very good, but there are many indicators of production and reproduction that is necessary with respect to the potential of improving the breed.
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Dairy cattle breeding in terms of organic farming
Kapusňáková, Kateřina ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Zita, Lukáš (referee)
Bachelor thesis aimed to create a comprehensive set of issues of breeding dairy cattle breeds in terms of organic farming as a literary review. In the first part I described the importance of breeding dairy cattle in organic farming states of dairy cattle in the EU and the Czech Republic (currently in the Czech Republic behaves 224,873 head of cattle, of which 7,402 cows), the different breeds of dairy cattle used in the Czech Republic organic farming, both milk (Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, Montbeliard) and a dual purpose (Czech pied cattle), as I have announced legislation which are mandatory for organic farmers (Act no. 242/2000 Coll., NR no. 834/2007, NK no. 889/2008). In my work I have summarized the findings of breeding dairy cattle breeds and their uses including non-production functions (grazing and landscape maintenance) technique and technology of the various categories of animals (methods of housing - is the most appropriate free housing with enclosure), milk yields (differences in milk composition in conventional and organic farming) and its control, acquisition and processing of milk and production of dairy products, issues of health and disease (prevention, treatment, mastitis as the biggest cause of economic losses in dairy cows), reproduction (permitted by biotechnological methods, methods of heat detection, methods dimpling). In chapter grazing cattle I have summarized the findings about the effects of cattle grazing on the landscape formation, and also highlighted the impact of grazing on biodiversity and protected plants and animals that are on pasture may occur. In conclusion, I summarized the economy breeding dairy cattle and described the subsidy policy conditions and income subsidies for organic farmers.
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