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Low-calorie dietary regimes and their importance in the therapy of obesity
Dolejšová, Ester ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Mikeš, Ondřej (referee)
Starting points: Low-calorie diets (LCD) and very low-calorie diets (VLCD) are often indicated for effective and rapid weight reduction in patients with higher degrees of obesity (BMI ≥ 35). However, in many of these patients, short-term diets end in the typical yo-yo effect. In the presence of various diseases, the patient's health may also be harmed during these regimes. On the other hand, for many patients, these diets can represent a major shift in treatment if timed and executed correctly. Goals: The main goal of this study is to evaluate two- to three-week LCD and VLCD regimes conducted during hospitalization in ward D3 of the III Internal Clinic of the General University Hospital in Prague as part of weight-reduction stays and to assess their long-term effect. Methods: Quantitative, non-interventional research was conducted retrospectively. The research sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent a weight-reduction stay in inpatient ward D3 in 2022. With consent from the patients, initial data were taken from their medical records and from the mobile application Čas pro zdraví. Anthropometric data provided by the patients were used to calculate BMI and EBW (excess body weight). The collected data were processed in Excel program. Subsequently, the data were sorted for research purposes and...
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The use of resistance exercise in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kučírková, Natálie ; Pichlerová, Dita (advisor) ; Knoppová, Tereza (referee)
Objective: The main aim of this bachelor thesis was to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control and overall health in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who use oral anti-diabetic medication. Methods: Due to constraints on participant recruitment, the study was conducted as a case study involving a 12-week resistance exercise program for a 50-year-old female participant. Measurements included changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total and LDL cholesterol levels, physical fitness, muscle mass, muscle strength, and psychological health. Results: The resistance exercise regimen resulted in mixed outcomes. While notable improvements were observed in the participant's physical fitness, muscle mass, muscle strength, and psychological health, there was an unexpected increase in HbA1c levels, indicating a potential worsening of long-term glycemic control. Additionally, there was a reduction in total and LDL cholesterol levels, suggesting a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health. Conclusion: This case study reveals the complex nature of exercise impacts on individuals with T2DM, highlighting the need for more extensive research with a larger cohort to derive more definitive conclusions about the role of exercise in managing T2DM. Keywords: Type 2...
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Nutrition and Diabetic Foot Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Špačková, Petra ; Prázný, Martin (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee)
13 ABSTRACT This bachelor's thesis deals with nutrition in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot syndrome. In the practical part, this group is compared with a control group of diabetic patients without this chronic complication. Goals: The aim of this study is to find out, whether the diet of patients with diabetic foot syndrome differs from that of patients with diabetes without this syndrome. Methodology: This is a non-interventional study in the form of a questionnaire and a weekly food diary. The respondents were addressed by me directly in the ambulance. The minimum number of respondents in each group should be 10 patients, which was achieved. The research took place from December 2023 to mid-March 2024. The research group consisted of a total of 20 individuals: specifically, 10 diabetic patients without diabetic foot syndrome and 10 diabetic patients with diabetic foot syndrome. The obtained food diaries were entered into Nutriservis, evaluated with regard to the recommendations of the Czech Diabetes Association and with regard to the comorbidities and preferences of the given patient. The obtained data were processed and presented in the form of tables, graphs and verbal description. Results: However, since we are comparing these two groups according to the recommendations of the Czech...
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The effect of artificial sweeteners on the metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes patients
Petrů, Kateřina ; Škrha, Jan (advisor) ; Krátký, Jan (referee)
The impact of artificial sweeteners on health is a very common topic of discussions nowadays. This thesis focuses on the effect of artificial sweeteners on metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to clarify whether the consumption of artificial sweeteners affects metabolic parameters in T2DM patients. Another aim is to evaluate the awareness of T2DM patients about artificial sweeteners and the mean consumption of artificial sweeteners. Thirty patients with T2DM attending the diabetes outpatient clinic of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and 20 subjects in the control group were included in the study. Both groups completed a 16-question questionnaire. Laboratory metabolic parameters were obtained only in the patients group, and then evaluated in relation to the results of the questionnaire survey. A statistically significant association was found only for higher LDL cholesterol levels in patients examining food labels, and poorer diabetes control in those consuming diabetic products. No association was found between total intake of artificial sweeteners, the main object of the observation, and the values of selected metabolic parameters. Compared to the control group, T2DM patients are more interested in the composition of foods and...
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The effect of a low carbohydrate diet on the compensation of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sedlářová, Lenka ; Sucharda, Petr (advisor) ; Sadílková, Aneta (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and several secondary complications. The prevalence of patients is constantly increasing, and thus the effort to improve the quality of therapy, new findings, and procedures capable of being applied in clinical practice are sought. Patients live with the disease for a long time, and the purpose of treatment is to improve the quality of life of diabetics and delay the onset of associated health complications. A combination of regimen measures is essential for successful treatment. Dietary measures in the form of a low-carbohydrate diet are still a popular choice of dietary options among diabetics. The aim of the practical part of the work was to prove the positive effect of a low- carbohydrate diet on T2D compensation. The primary objective was to demonstrate a significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients who eat or have eaten according to the principles of a low-carbohydrate diet for at least 12 months. Secondary objectives were set as follows: reduction of relative weight (BMI), reduction of pharmacotherapy and/or reduction of daily doses of antidiabetic drugs, reduction of fasting blood glucose and improvement of the lipid spectrum. The research group included patients from the...
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Neuropathic complications and nutrition in patients with type 2 diabetes
Klauzová, Dagmar ; Prázný, Martin (advisor) ; Karen, Igor (referee)
Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes that decreases the quality of life of diabetic patients, mainly because there is currently no effective treatment for diabetic neuropathy and it increases the risk of developing other complications (e. g. diabetic foot syndrome). The development of late complications of diabetes can be delayed by preventive practices, and therefore, it is necessary to focus on prevention and raise awareness among patients about the possible complications associated with diabetes and how to prevent them. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether lifestyle and dietary habits differ between patients with type 2 diabetes with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and those without diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methodology: Data collection was done using a self-administered questionnaire with a weekly dietary record. The questionnaire also included a validated sensorimotor neuropathy questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed on the social media to a closed group of patients with DM2T and was personally offered to patients from the III. Department of Internal Medicine - Endocrinology and Metabolism of the 1st Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University in Prague, specifically at the VFN Clinic in the ambulance of Obesitology...
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Peptides regulating food intake and their role in metabolic syndrome
Buderová, Markéta ; Maletínská, Lenka (advisor) ; Hojná, Silvie (referee)
Unhealthy lifestyle together with genetic factors can lead to serious health problems like metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a cluster of risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Each component of MetS contributes to cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Treatment of MetS is primarily focused on lifestyle modification, especially weight loss. In severe cases, pharmacological treatment is also used. Pharmacological treatment includes peptide analogues that regulate food intake. Anorexigenic (food- reducing) peptides are involved in the regulation of food intake, together with orexigenic (food- increasing) peptides, which thus play an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Several analogues of anorexigenic peptides regulating food intake are already used for the treatment of obesity or T2DM. Other peptide analogues are in preclinical stages of testing or in the development of stable analogues. Elucidating the physiology and pathology of both anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides in the regulation of food intake may contribute to finding potential treatments for metabolic, cardiovascular, and other disorders.
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Tcf4 transcription factor in the intestinal epithelium renewal and pathology
Müllerová, Tereza ; Janečková, Lucie (advisor) ; Vávra, Jiří (referee)
TCF4 (T-Cell Factor 4, sometimes also TCF7L2) is an important effector of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. The transcription factor is produced in many different isoforms with tissue-specific expressionand diametricallyopposing functions.In the intestine,TCF4 is a key factor in epithelial regenerationandmaintenance of stem cell homeostasis. Its depletion causes loss of the proliferatingcrypt compartment and complete breakdown of the intestinal mucosal architecture. The processes in which it acts are therefore vital and must be strongly regulated by the Wnt signalling pathway. Disturbances in TCF4 expression or alternative splicing often lead to a wide range of complex pathologies such as colon cancer, ileal Crohn's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Obesity and sleep apnea syndrome
Havrdová, Kateřina ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Svačina, Štěpán (referee)
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated, complete or partial, obstructions of upper respiratory tract while asleep with accompanied apneic pauses. Interruption of ventilation and the subsequent waking reactions cause fragmented and low-quality sleep in the long term and the simultaneous decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin causes development of intermittent hypoxia, which leads to serious complications in patients with sleep apnea. One of the most important etiopathogenic factors in development of obstructive sleep apnea is obesity, mainly central and android obesity. It is estimated that obese patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 suffer from OSA in over 40-60 % cases and 70 % of patients with OSA are obese. According to current findings, both the maladies influence each other and form a positive feedback loop, which further complicates the whole situation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to describe the relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea on a set of patients, who were hospitalized in department D3 of III. Internal clinic of Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze (General university hospital in Prague) for suspicions for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. The main tasks of the practical part of this thesis were to try to find a correlation...
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Lipidomic analysis of adipose tissue in patients with ischemic heart disease
Tomášová, Petra ; Vecka, Marek (advisor) ; Poledne, Rudolf (referee) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
The ever-increasing incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Czech Republic and worldwide is one of the most important health problem today. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T) are risk factors for the development of CAD. Lipid metabolism is greatly affected by these diseases and adipose tissue, previously considered a mere energy store, also plays an important role in these changes. Today adipose tissue is discussed also as an endocrine organ, which effect whole body metabolism significantly. Lipidomic analysis is an effective tool for monitoring lipid metabolism. Lipidomics combines the advantages of determining a large number of analytes and a small amount of sample and its rapid preparation. In the first part of study, I optimized the HPLC-MS method of untargeted lipidomic analysis in adipose tissue. Then, this method was used to compare subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue. Finally, I evaluated the effect of CAD and DM2T on the lipid profiles of subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissues. Optimization of the pre-analytical phase enabled the analysis of 206 lipid molecules (in total) in both types of adipose tissue. Compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue, epicardial adipose tissue contained a higher proportion of phosphatidylcholines (e.g. PC(32:0), PC(32:1), PC(36:4)) and...
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