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Observing patients' rights in selected hospitals of the Czech Republic.
KORTUSOVÁ, Jana
For everyone hospitalization represents a change accompanied by various restrictions. Anyway, this cannot mean a change in rights. Each patient is unique {--} they have specific needs, unchangeable principles, a value system of their own. A patient can be defined as a person under medical care, as an ill person undergoing treatment. The term {\clq}qpatient is derived from the Latin word {\clq}qpatiens`` {--} patient, suffering. The patients' rights are laid down in the Code of Patients' Rights which became effective in the Czech Republic in 1992. It is the knowledge of rights that is important before all for the strengthening of an equal relationship between the doctor and the patient The risks which represent a threat during the hospitalization can be lowered by consistent observation of the patients' rights as well as the patient's satisfaction with the care provided can be heightened. The basic individual rights of the patients include the right to silence to be preserved about the facts that the health worker became familiar with in connection with medical care or treatment, the right to being informed about their state of health, the right to gaining necessary information in order to be able to make a decision before a new diagnostic or therapeutical procedure is started up. The other rights include refusing a treatment and being informed about the consequences of the decision, the right to privacy during medical care or treatment and to a considerate, sensitive and worthy approach during the treatment. The thesis comprises the present state of problems in question, the aims of the thesis, determination of hypotheses, methodology, the results of the research, discussion, conclusion, the list of sources used, key words and supplements. The present state portrays the history of ethical codes, legal standards and the problems of medical law, the patients' rights, individual patients' rights, accreditation standards of the patients' rights. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether the patients are made acquainted with their rights after being taken to hospital, whether they are informed about the character of the disease, about suggested treatment and possible treatment alternatives. To map out whether there is the need of education being taken into account with each patient and whether the nurses keep notes in the documentation and find out the nurses' knowledge in the sphere of the patient's immobility. here have 7 hypotheses and 5 statistical hypotheses been specified in the thesis. Quantitative research approach was applied for the research. Questioning was used as a method, a questionnaire as a technique. The questionnaire for the patients was anonymous and included 26 questions. It focused on making the patient acquainted with their rights, on awareness of the state of health, the character of the disease and the suggested treatment, on the education of the patient by the nurse and on respecting the patient's intimacy. It included closed and semi-closed questions. At the end of the questionnaire the patients had a chance to express their possible comments, suggestions, impulses concerning the problems in question. The questionnaire for the nurses was anonymous and included 32 questions. It had its focus on observing the patients' rights, the informed patients' consent, their education, on the problems of restricting the patient on the bed and on respecting the patient's intimacy. The questionnaire included closed and semi-closed questions. The representative sample was made up of 218 patients and 205 nurses. The results were compiled in tabular and chart form, and subsequently processed by means of the SPSS statistical programme. The discussion includes a summary of the research knowledge in comparison with the sources used.
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Issue Standards for Treatment of External Childrens Genital from Birth to 3 Years
KURUCOVÁ, Monika
Hygienic care is one of the most critical pillars of care for child´s health. Learning the right hygienic habits in childhood and keeping them throughout the lifetime is of vital importance for human health. Unfortunately, information about the hygiene of external genital of children is often inconsistent, both among the parents and healthcare workers. The thesis deals with the issue of treatment of external genital of children from birth to three years of age, while the main emphasis is put on education of mothers. The objective of the thesis was to determine, whether the nurses know their competences in treatment of the external genital in newborns, babies and toddlers and whether the nurses are able to apply the competences in full. The third objective of the thesis was to map the awareness of parents of how to treat external genital of children from birth to three years of age. Three hypotheses were established. The first hypothesis: Nurses know their competences in treatment of external genitals of newborns, babies and toddlers. The second hypothesis: Nurses, who know their competences in treatment of external genital of newborns, babies and toddlers, are unable to fully apply them. The third hypothesis: Parents of newborns, babies and toddlers do not have sufficient information about the proper hygienic treatment of external genital of their children. The quantitative research used two anonymous questionnaires, while one questionnaire was designed for nurses working with children from birth to 3 years of age. The other questionnaire was created and intended for mothers of children in the age category from birth to three years. The questionnaire research was performed on the territory of the South Bohemian region. The first hypothesis: ``Nurses know their competences in treatment of external genital of newborns, babies and toddlers.{\crq}q has been confirmed. The second hypothesis: ``Nurses, who know their competences in treatment of external genital of newborns, babies and toddlers in treatment of external genital of newborns, babies and toddlers, are unable to fully apply them.{\crq}q has been rebutted. The third hypothesis: ``Parents of newborns, babies and toddlers do not have sufficient information about the proper hygienic treatment of external genital of their children.{\crq}q has been confirmed. Based on those findings we have decided to develop an educational standard for nurses about the intimate hygiene of girls and boys from birth to three years of age and an educational material for treatment of external genital for parents of young children. We believe that the materials will improve the awareness of this issue and result in a better quality of care for children.
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Explanation and reasurance of children before operations
ČADKOVÁ, Barbora
The title of my bachelor diploma thesis is {\clqq}Explanation and reasurance of children before operations``. In the introduction I dealt with a theory of how important a role of a reasurance nurse and other hospital staff is during hospitalization of a child, what the role of the parents is and how necessary it is to prepare the child psychologically for hospitalization and curing process, which the child has to go through during the stay in hospital. Based on this theory I set goals and hypotheses which I tried to confirm or contradict by a research in a form of questionnaires or dialogues. The results of the research are stated in graphs in practical part. In the conclusion and discussion the results are interpreted.
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The role of primar nurse in prevention of obezity by children
PULZOVÁ, Alena
Obesity is ranked among the grave world health problems and its prevalence is still increasing. Children's obesity presents dangerous problem not only in advanced countries of the world. The Czech Republic is in the first place in Europe in distribution of children{\crq}s obesity. The fight against this disease is not apparently so difficult. Mostly it is enough only change our lifestyle painlessly, meal plan and do some sport activity. People who suffer from obesity should make an appointment with their doctor and discuss it too. On the other hand, much easier is to predate this disease and exactly in this case is really important the role of a nurse. The theoretic part of this work is focused on the actual state of children{\crq}s obesity. The next part is about division of children age, nutrition at this age, definition of the obesity, its causes and complications. The last part is focused on the role of a nurse in prevention, diagnostic and treatment of this illness. It was applied the form of checklists to quantitative research. Questions were destined for nurses in the primer care in České Budějovice, Strakonice, Prachatice, Jindřichův Hradec, Písek and in other smaller towns. The first aim of this work was find out what awareness of nurses in the primer care in prevention of children{\crq}s obesity is. The next aim was find out if nurses are actively participant in prevention of children{\crq}s obesity. Both of these aims were discharged. The first hypothesis should testify the awareness of nurses in the primer care in prevention of children{\crq}s obesity. The second hypothesis should testify that nurses are not actively participant in prevention of children{\crq}s obesity. Both of these hypothesis were discharged either. I have chosen the work on the topic: ``The role of the primer nurse in prevention of children{\crq}s obesity{\crqq} because recently this topic is very actual and also I am very interested if nurses really try to predate this disease by children.
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NUTRITION AND DIET IN PEOPLE WITH DIABETES
NOŽIČKOVÁ, Lenka
Diabetes is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar glucose in the blood. In a healthy person, the blood glucose level is regulated by several hormones, one of which is insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, a small organ near the stomach that also secretes important enzymes that help in the digestion food. Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into liver, muscles, and fat cells, where it is used as fuel. People with diabetes either do not produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or cannot use insulin properly (type 2 diabetes), or both. In diabetes, glucose in the blood cannot move into cells, and it stays in the blood. This not only harms the cells that need glucose as fuel, but also harms certain organs and tissues exposed to the high glucose levels.
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The measure information about the osteoporosis problems by women at the age below forty years
KRÝDLOVÁ, Michaela
Abstract Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease, a disease of the bones of the body, which is characterized by a lowered amount of skeletal minerals, decrease of bone density and a changed microstructure of the bones. The effect of these changes is a lowered quality of skeletal tissues and an elevated risk of bone fractures. This risk, being very high, is directly threatening to the patient. Anybody can suffer from osteoporosis, but there are certain groups, much more at risk. The group most often affected by osteoporosis, are women in post-climacteric period of life, i.e. several years past their climacterium. The main factors causing this disease are age, gender, genetics, lack of physical activity, malnourishment, use of harmful substances (smoking, coffee, alcohol), use of some medications, certain endocrinological diseases and diseases of the digestive system, etc. Fundamental significance for prevention and treatment is an adjustment of life-style with sufficient physical activity, correct nutrition, avoiding of harmful substances such as smoking, alcohol and coffee. Regular use of vitamins and minerals as well as regular check-ups may help to prevent the disease. For this study a questionnaire was chosen for data collecting. The questionnaire created for this work included 17 closed and 8 semi-open questions. The total number of 120 questionnaires were distributed, of these 113 were returned, of which 12 were excluded for incompletelesness. The recovery of questionnaires was calculated to 84.2%. The researched group included 101 women between ages 18{--}40 from České Budějovice. The aim of the bachelor work has been accomplished. Hypothesis H1 was proved and H2 disproved. The results will be used as a basis for a seminar about problems with osteoporosis and its prevention intended for non-professionals.
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General public knowledge of health awareness that too much exposure to sunlight and solarium increases the casuality rate of skin melanoma
KODETOVÁ, Věra
Harmfulness of sunrays and solariums has become a very topical problem in the recent time. Excess exposure of skin to sunlight causes premature ageing of skin, creation of deep wrinkles and geriatric stains and is especially accompanied with creation of malignant melanoma. However, people don{\crq}t take this warning seriously. A big part of them still thinks that sun exposure (and sunbathing especially) is healthy and that sunburnt body is a sign of beauty and an expression of fitness. Only the awareness of the real danger and change in bad habits in the form of adequate protection against UV radiation can prevent big damages in the near future. The number of malignant melanoma skin disorders is rising every year. The number of diagnosed melanomas in the Czech Republic has increased four times over the last years. The aim of my work is to find out, how well the public is informed about the harmfulness of sunlight and solarium and how people protects themselves against the harmful effects of UV radiation. I collected the data by the query method in the form of questionnaire filled in by students and employees of a secondary vocational school, students of a vocational college and patients of a dermatology ambulance on random screens. In total, 201 question-forms were evaluated. I assumed four hypotheses, all of which have been proved. The public is adequately informed about the harmfulness of UV radiation. In most cases, people protect themselves against the effects of sunlight using creams with protective factor and sunglasses with UV filter. My assumption that women between the ages of 20 and 40 sunbath in the sun or in a solarium for cosmetic reasons has also been proved. The inadequate awareness of preventive programmes and practises which lead to early detection of skin tumours is, however, alerting. I chose this topic because of my experience from a dermatology ambulance where I work and often meet the harmful effects of UV radiation on human skin. I will use the results of my work to educate patients about the harmful effects of UV radiation. I will especially stress the education about self-investigation of skin and about Euromelanoma day programme, which serves to early diagnose of skin tumour. As I have found out, the public lacks this information. The fact that only early detected tumour is curable is important.
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Problems informedness of family members about offer of nursing to patients suffering from epilepsy
SCHWARZOVÁ, Blanka
The bachelor{\crq}s thesis titled ``The Issue of Family Members´ Awareness of Caring for Patients Suffering from Epilepsy{\crqq} deals with the field of knowledge and information that should be provided to members of families of patients suffering from epilepsy. For the thesis, goals and assumed hypotheses were defined; quantitative research was applied to verify them. Respondents from two selected workplaces took part in the research. The results of the research work show that close relatives of patients have certain basic knowledge of the disease, but the information they receive are not complete, not to say exhausting. There are areas, in which the patients and their family members tend to follow various prejudices and superstitions rather than scientific information, though they are expected to participate in caring for the patients. On the basis of the research, there was an attempt to define areas, in which respondents did not have enough important information, and to concentrate on them within more in-depth education of patients and their relatives.
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Principles utilization possibilities of the educational activities of the nurse in the primary care
DRAXLEROVÁ, Milena
The objective of this bachelor's work is to find the principles utilizing of the nurse educational activities in the primary care. The education seems to be the important caracteristic of the treatment practice and has gone hand in hand with the primary care since the treatment beginning. The education as a training, cultivation and tutoring is emphasized lately as the self-evident part of the professional nurse occupation. The educational nurse activity in the primary care has own particularities which are described in detail in the theoretical section of this bachelor´s work. The contemporary treatment conception talks up the important aspects of the nurse role {--} the educator and the coordinator of the patient care. The nurse education should correspond to this thus the nurses could perform their profession as the qualified medical officer. The primary care field is the inseparable piece of the theoretical part of this work. The community nursing as the first care line has been continuously developed recently and the role of the primary nurse is emphasized mainly in the support and maintenance of the people health. Their services are provided in the wild scale in the various environment and cover the whole life cycle since conception to lenitive care at the dying. The education in the primary care represents the great importance. Its purpose is to continuously raise the population health consciousness. In the practical part of the work the quantitative research was performed, the data collection questionnaire technique was used. The research set consisted of sixty-two primary care nurses. The research performed within this work at the nurses working in the primary care has demonstrated a quite good knowledge and also principles utilizing of the educational activities in the nursing practice. Unfortunately it has showed subsequently that nurses don´t have sufficient possibilities in the present system of the primary care and principally the time scope for the education performance. There is the left room for the next knowledge consolidation and perfection in this field even though the good education principles knowledge. The space for the potential further research in the prevention field regarding positive health support and maintenance has been opened consecutively.
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Education of Romanies Pupils in Alternative Shapes of Education Focused on Waldorfs Schoul
SAMCOVÁ, Štěpánka
The subject of the diploma thesis belongs due to its character to the domain of educational psychology and sociology of education. The thesis deals with the advantages of education of Romani children in Waldorf schools. The key terms are: education, Roma minority, cognitive determinants, Waldorf pedagogy. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the questions of education of Romani children as well as the general information about the Roma minority in the Czech Republic, the methods of education of Romani children in dependence on their school achievements, the description of cognitive determinants of Romani pupils in relation to their school efficiency and the demonstration of advantages of Waldorf pedagogy for Romani children comparing with the traditional educational system.
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