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Balance of Phosphorus and Potassium with Different Fertilizing Systems
Vašák, Filip ; Balík, Jiří (advisor) ; Jaroslav, Jaroslav (referee)
The balance of potassium and phosphorus were observed at long-term 17-year field experiments with different fertilizing systems. The field experiments were located at five sites in the Czech Republic (Červený Újezd, Hněvčeves, Humpolec, Lukavec and Suchdol) with different soil and climatic conditions. The balances were observed at: treatments with organic fertilization (sewage sludge, FYM), treatments with mineral fertilization (NPK, N, N + straw) and unfertilized control treatment, as well. Two experiments were realized: one with crop rotation (potatoes, winter wheat, spring barley) at all mentioned sites and the second was monoculture maize experiment at Červený Újezd and Suchdol sites.
The positive balance of phosphorus was at the treatments with sewage sludge (SS) as well as with farmyard manure (FYM) application and at the NPK treatment. The average phosphorus balance ranged between +1.8 and +14.0 kg/ha/year at the treatments NPK, between +7.2 and +21.6 kg/ha/year at treatments with FYM application and between +66.7 and +75.6 kg/ha/year at SS treatments, respectively. The balance of phosphorus with a higher dose of sewage sludge reached +249.6 kg/ha/year. The average negative balance of phosphorus (from -27.5 to -13.4 kg/ha/year) was calculated at the treatments N and N + straw. The balance of control unfertilized treatments ranged between -21.9 and -11.0 kg/ha/year.
The average positive balance of potassium in the experiment with crop rotation was estimated at all of FYM treatments. The balance reached the values from +2.3 to +30.1 kg/ha/year. On the contrary, the balance at FYM treatment in experiment with maize monoculture was negative (-15.2 kg K/ha/year). The balance of potassium in experiment with crop rotation ranged between -9.5 and 33.2 kg/ha/year at the NPK treatments. Similar values were obtained in the experiment with monoculture, where the balance at the NPK treatment reached +32.1 kg K/ha/year. The negative balance of potassium (between -69.2 and -8.9 kg/ha/year) was obtained at treatments with sewage sludge application. The most negative balances were calculated at N and N+straw treatments (-104 to -55.0 kg/ha/year) and as expected at Control (-73.2 to -43.6 kg K/ha/year).
The bioavailable soil phosphorus and potassium contents changes were in most cases in close relation with balances calculated. Soil variability in observed soil factors was found in the plots and confirms the assumption that the system of fertilization affects crop yields.
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Impact of potassium on accumulation of Cs by Calla palustris
Poláková, Monika ; Komínková, Dana (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Environmental contamination with radionuclides is a growing problem in the world. Phytoremediation seems to be a suitable method for the removal of radionuclides from the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of potassium on accumulation of stable isotope 133Cs and evaluate the suitability of plant species Calla palustris for phytoremediation. Plants were grown in a water solution in a greenhouse and after one week of pre-cultivation were exposed to stable isotope 133Cs (0,5 mM CsCl). Potassium was added in five various concentrations in the form of K2SO4. The level of cesium in plants was measured after 8 days of exposition. Plants without added potassium absorbed the most cesium (11,52 %). Plants with the highest concentration of added K2SO4 10 mM (3,45 %), 5 mM (3,62 %), 2 mM (5,57 %) absorbed the least. Higher 133Cs accumulation was measured in the plant roots than in the above- ground plant parts. Total uptake of cesium by Calla palustris suggests the possibility to use Calla palustris for phytoremediation.
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The influence of long - term fertilization on the lucerne forage quality
Čítková, Lenka ; Hakl, Josef (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
Forage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is essential in relation to animal feeding. The increase of available nutrients in the soil by fertilization is one of the ways to influence it. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of long-term fertilization on the quality and the stand structure of alfalfa.
The long - term experiment with fertilization was established in 1955 at the Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague - Ruzyně. The experiment with alfalfa stand was established in the spring of 2013, as undersowing alfalfa in spring barley. Six different variants of fertilization were evaluated: an organic or mineral unfertilized variant (control variant); the mineral fertilized variants with low and high doses of N - P - K; a variant fertilized only with manure and the variants fertilized with manure and a combination of low and high doses of N - P - K. The forage samples were taken from the first cut in 2015, in four replications, and the number of plants/m2 (R / m2), the number of stems/m2 (L/m2) and the maximum stem length (MSL) was determined. The mass percentage of leaves was determined in the ten longest stems. The crude protein content (CP), the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) were determined in the samples.
The mineral fertilization significantly influenced the stand structure, while the increasing doses of mineral fertilizers decreased the number of plants/m2. The number of stems/m2 was not clearly influenced even by one type of fertilization. The maximum length of stems increased with the mineral fertilization. Although the yield on the monitored plots was not affected by the fertilization, there is shown an increasing trend with increasing doses of the mineral fertilizers, as it is positively correlated with the length of stems. The mass fraction of leaves was reduced by mineral fertilization. The organic fertilization increased the CP content in the leaves, while fertilization with mineral nitrogen showed a tendency to decrease the CP content in the forage. The content of NDF and NDFD of forage is increasing with the organic fertilizers. High doses of mineral fertilizers have a negative effect on NDFD in alfalfa stems, while in the leaves N - P - K fertilization has a positive effect on NDFD. The combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers, culminating with the higher dose of N - P - K has a positive effect on NDFD.
The effect of the long - term fertilization on forage quality can manifest differently in the leaves and stems of legumes. Therefore, it is advisable to monitor the quality of these parts separately. The mineral fertilizers significantly affects the stand structure and increases yield, which has rather a negative effect on the quality. The organic fertilization does not substantially increase yields, but it improves forage quality, especially the digestibility.
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The effect of fertilization on winter wheat yield
Šístek, Lukáš ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization on different sites with different soil and climatic conditions on the yield and productivity parameters of winter wheat.
Wheat is the most widespread cereal in the Czech Republic. In the crop rotations it occupies almost half of all grain grown and about 30% of the total sown area. Its advantages, when cultivating, are the relatively stable level of yield and quality.
Long-term stationary experiments with crop rotation were established in the fall of 1996 at five sites of the Czech Republic with different soil and climatic conditions (Červený Újezd, Hněvčeves, Humpolec, Lukavec and Prague - Suchdol). In an experiment there are three crops grown in sequence: potatoes, wheat and barley. In a trial there were compared organic fertilized, mineral fertilized and combined organic with mineral fertilized plots in Červený Újezd, Hupolec and Suchdol sites. For purposes of the experiment is used sludge from WWTP in Prague. Manure and straw are used from each experimental sites. As a nitrogenous fertilizer is used ammonium nitrate with limestone, phosphorus fertilizer is triple superphosphate and potassium fertilizer is potassium salt.
From the experimental results can be clearly inferred that the lowest values of all monitored parameters were achieved on the plots fertilized only with organic fertilizers. After the addition of mineral nitrogen fertilizer the levels of monitored parameters has changed significantly and thus was achieved an increase in these parameters compared to unfertilized control plot. The highest results in relation to the winter wheat yield and quality were found in Červený Újezd and the lowest in Humpolec. The highest yield of wheat grain was found in Červený Újezd on N fertilized plot (12.28 t.ha-1). The lowest yield of wheat grain was achieved in Humpolec on manure fertilized plot (3.9 t.ha-1). However, the highest response to nitrate fertilization was found in Humpolec. The lowest increase in grain yield was 207 % and 333 % increase in yield of straw compared to the control plot. The highest use of nitrogen was determined at Červený Újezd station, where the wheat consumed most of the nitrogen supplied by nitrogen fertilizers.
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Effect of long term fertilization on behalf fraction of nitrogenous substances in fodder alfalfa
Matunová, Jana ; Hakl, Josef (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The representation fraction of crude protein in forage legumes significantly influences nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Similar researches were not previously realized. The aim of this thesis is valorizing of long-term fertilization on vegetation structure and representation fraction of crude protein in forage alfalfa. Experimental measurements were carried out at the Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Ruzyne. The crop of alfalfa was in the context of long-term fertilization experiment established in the spring of 2013. An attempt with a sown variety Moravia is arranged in the scheme of split-plot. Samples were taken only from the first cut in 2015, each of one line of 50 cm in every block. In the experiment are evaluated four contrasting versions of fertilization (unfertilized control crop, growth fertilized by organic, by mineral and by combination both types of fertilizers). Each variant was repeated for three times. This thesis showed that long-term fertilization influences the parameters of the structure stands of alfalfa. We observed a greater proportion of L/m2 in fertilized variants, an also these stems were higher. Additionally, we observed higher profits, which were in correlation with the sinking share of representation leaves in the growth. Analysis showed that the behalf of nitrogenous substances and individual crude protein fractions is not constant, but is changeable during different variants of fertilization. Unfertilized crop contained on the average 221 g/kg dry matter of nitrogenous substances. The highest protein coken were at crops fertilized organically, 248 g/kg. In the control variant was detected on the average of 328 g/kg of fraction A. This fraction was most abundantly represented in growths with mineral fertilizers, 418 g/kg. On the contrary variant fertilized by combination had the lowest contents of fraction A, 307 g/kg. The highest concentration of B1 was found in mineral fertilized crops, 75 g/kg. For nitrogenous fraction B2 was detected the
highest concentration in crop fertilized by combination of mineral and organic fertilizers, 531 g/kg. For nitrogenous fraction B3 was found the highest concentrations in mineral-fertilized growths (NPK). This value is 24 g/kg. By nitrogenous fraction C was found highest concentration in control growth and crop fertilized with mineral, 80 g/kg. On the contrary, in crops fertilized organically was measured lowest value, 67 g/kg. We can conclude from the results, that the best profile fraction of crude protein has variant fertilized with a combined manner.
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Vliv minerálního hnojení na výnosy a kvalitu polopřirozeného travního porostu
Štros, Michal
This diploma thesis is focused on research of fertilization effect and the intensity of use on species composition of permanent grassland in the habitat of Kameničky. Factors which were evaluated are these: fertilization intensity (unfertilized, PK, 90N+PK and 180N+PK) and the intensity of use (double-cutting and triple-cutting grassland). The evaluation was carried out in 2013 and 2014. The results show that in grasslands fertilized with nitrogenous fertilizers the proportion of grass increases (P < 0,05) and the proportion of herbs decreases (P < 0,05) in comparison with unfertilized grasslands. At the same time dry forage yield increases (P < 0,05). Grasslands with high production of quality forage, however species-poor are the result of increasing nutrients dose. Unfertilized grassland are species-rich but with the low value of quality grasslands. Double-cutting grasslands had higher average yields than triple-cutting grasslands. However, triple-cutting grasslands had higher values of Hill's diversity index than double-cutting.
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Účinek hnojení na obsah vybraných forem draslíku v půdě
Jelínek, Jiří
The thesis deals with the impact of intensified fertilizing with the potassium fertilizer on the content of watersoluble potassium, exchangeable potassium, available potassium and the reserve of mobile potassium in the soil. The thesis is based on the long stationary experiments founded by the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture. The analysed soil came from experimental localities: the sugar beet growing region (Uherský Ostroh, Věrovany, Žatec) and the potato processing region (Chrastava, Staňkov, Svitavy, Horažďovice, Lípa). Five options of fertilization were included with a different dosage (intensity) of potassium in kg.ha-1 depending on the region (potato and sugar beet growing): 1. A checking option without fertilization (0;0), 2. farmyard manure (35; 35), 3. farmyard manure + N2P2K0 (35; 35), 4. farmyard manure + N2P2K1 (104; 96) 5. farmyard manure + N2P2K2 (143, 132), 6. farmyard manure + N2P2K3 (193, 178). Watersoluble potassium was statistically provable influenced by the increasing of dosage of fertilization. The content of watersoluble potassium is within the producing region very varied. It was the soil type who was the most influential on the variability of the watersoluble potassium (35,3 %). The content of watersoluble K was due to the application of potassium increasing the most in the heavy soil. The content of available potassium increased after the application of 1 kg K by 0,6289 mg.kg-1. The variant of fertilization participated on the overall variability of the content of available potassium by 32,48 %. In the potato-growing region was the amount of potassium lower than in sugar beet region by 89,5 mg.kg-1 of soil. The lowest figures were found in cambisol. The group of the type of soil influenced significantly the amount of observed form of K. The reserve of mobile potassium wasn't significantly influenced by fertilization. The soil type had a significant impact on the reserve of mobile potassium. The dosages of different intensity of potassium had a significant impact on the increase of the reserve of mobile potassium in heavy soil.
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Representation of selected elements in human hair
Jochimová, Eva ; Janoušková, Eva (referee) ; Zemanová, Jana (advisor)
Hair is an excellent matrix for monitoring trace elements and minerals in the body. To long-term changes in concentration of elements in the body are reflected in their value in her hair, so the assessment of the organism from the mineral analysis of hair is a very suitable method. This method is widely used in toxicological testing and forensics. This work deals with the analysis of Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Se, As, Cd and Pb in 100 samples by ICP-MS. It is a male hair samples with the age range 19 – 74 years. Analysis of hair revealed that concentrations of individual elements are moving in a narrow range of values. Values of older age category are in some case significantly deflective.
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Content of cesium-137 in forest ecosystem in selected locations
SEBEROVÁ, Pavlína
The human and the whole environment are irradiated from the different sources (natural or artificial). The natural sources of radiation are cosmic and sun rays or the natural radiation of the Earth. The artificial sources mean cyclotrons, X-rays, particle accelerators, nuclear reactors and others. Natural cesium is located very rarely on Earth, but it has many artificial isotopes (for example Cs-137 and Cs-134). The Cs-137 is an artificial isotope produced by human. The first source of the Cs-137 became the nuclear tests and attacks used in the World War Two. In the 1960s (related a study of nuclear weapons) there were found out storing of Cs-137 in the surface soil layers. Even the peaceful use of the nuclear energy could cause the nuclear crash accompanied by a leakage of radioactive substances. The most tragic crash was an explosion of the nuclear power station Chernobyl in Ukraine. That crash contaminated the whole Ukraine and close states, but also Scandinavia. The spread of the Cs-137 depended on the rainfall and the air flow. Human has been affected by the radioactive elements even after the long time since the crash. Forest ecosystem seems to be the place with the largest amount of Cs-137 located. The Cs-137 may get into the human body though food; it has a very long half-time (30ys), it is stored in the top soil layers and through the root system of plants gets into the plants or mushrooms. The aim of this thesis is to determine and compare the content of the Cs-137 in the selected commodities in the forest ecosystem of Šumava using semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The research question was specified: Is the content of the Cs-137 in the selected commodities of the Šumava forest area significantly different? Based on an analysis of literature and consultation with the State Office for Nuclear Safety there were chosen areas, where was the highest fallout of radioactive elements. Therefore I sampled the area called Kvilda, Zadov and Churáňov. Further locations with the commodities of the forest ecosystem are Bavorov, Svinětice and Baranaviči. There are samples of soil, moss, spruce bark, cones and lichen. Not all commodities could be collected in all locations because there were picked in a small area and not all commodities occurred there. To determine the mass activity of the Cs-137 samples I used a semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The obtained spectra were evaluated through software GAMAT. The range of the values of mass activity of the Cs-137 in all samples is between 3-700 Bq.kg-1. The highest activity was measured in soil, where values reached up to 700 Bq.kg-1. High activity was also measured in moss in Kvilda, 513 Bq.kg-1. Samples of spruce bark, cones and lichens have low values activity. It was not reached out the value of 300 Bq.kg-1. Answer to the research question is that contamination of Sumava Cs-137 in selected commodities forest ecosystem is significantly uneven.
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