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Vliv probiotik a prebiotik na imunitní systém člověka
Pavlíčková, Tereza
This bachelor thesis The effect of probiotics and prebiotics on the human immune system is concerned with their beneficial effects on human health and used in the treatment of many diseases. The first part describes the intestinal microflora and the properties and effect of probiotics. Also individual probiotic strains and characteristics and properties of prebiotics and their species are harvested there. The last part describes the occurrence of probiotics and prebiotics in the food industry and in various dietary supplements.
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Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics - are they really effective?
Šmídová, Zuzana ; Pejšová, Hana (advisor) ; Pechar, Radko (referee)
Probiotics and prebiotics constitute an important part of our nutrition and possess many positive effects on human organism. Synbiotics represent combination of both of them. The aim of the theses in the theoretical aspect was to create a systematic review of available knowledge on the given topics and in the practical part to assess the level of awareness on these topics with regard to their presence and effects. In the practical part of the theses the questionnaire survey methodology was used. After evaluation of all answers it was found out that most people are familiar with the term probiotics, less people with the term prebiotics and the least respondents with the term synbiotics. Fermented dairy products are consumed by 88,3 % of respondents, mostly 2-3 times a week. The rest not consuming them indicated mostly the reasons of bad flavour or some form of intolerance. The respondents know also other fermented foods (sauerkraut, vegetables), however, these are less consumed than fermented dairy products. The least often the food supplements containing these substances are consumed. Due to the low level of awareness on prebiotics and synbiotics it would be very appropriate to improve public awareness on the given topics in order to increase their consumption, mainly in the form of their natural...
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Dietary fibre as a disease prevention: the intake of adolescent and adult
HORBANIUCOVÁ, Tereza
The main theme of the bachelor thesis is Dietary fibre as a diseases prevention: the intake of adolescents and adults. Theoretical part focuses on the information about dietary fibre, its sources and its distinction on water-insoluble dietary fibres and water-soluble dietary fibres and its subtypes. Furthermore, the thesis gives information about dietary fibre's effects on diseases prevention. Lastly, recommended intake of dietary fibre for adults is given as well as adverse effects of dietary fibre when it is taken in higher quantity. Goal of the practical part was to learn about people's general knowledge of dietary fibre and its effects on human organism and to learn about their diet in terms of dietary fibre intake. The goal was fulfilled by questionnaire. Another research goal was to compare dietary fibre intake of adolescents and adults, recommended intake of dietary fibre was considered. This goal was maintained through diet notes which respondents made for four days. These diet notes where calculated in "Nutriservis Professional". Research group had 10 respondents which were divided into two groups. First group consisted of adolescents in the age of 14-16. Second group was formed by adults in the age of 20-25. Based on the results of our research most of the respondents have knowledge about dietary fibre and its effects on human health. From the second part of our research we can assume that most respondents' intake of dietary fibre is insufficient and it does not even cover half of recommended dietary fibre intake.
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Fiber intake in developed countries and possibilities for its increase in population
Ježková, Kristýna ; Pejšová, Hana (advisor) ; Křížová, Jarmila (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with fiber intake and possibilities of its increase. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the actual intake of fiber in the population and to find out whether people actually know what fiber is and what should be its daily intake. The theoretical part is focused on fiber itself. It describes its characteristics, distribution, properties and sources. The effect of fiber on human health and the consequences of insufficient or excessive fiber intake are discussed as well. The practical part is focused on the real intake of fiber in the population. It is done in the form of a questionnaire survey, in which I try to find out what knowledge of fiber people have, but also how often they consume foods containing fiber. Most of the questionnaires were handed out to customers of one unnamed pharmacy and healthy nutrition center in Prague and other passers-by. Altogether, I managed to collect 84 questionnaires. The questionnaire results show that vast majority of respondents have an idea of what fiber is and which foods contain it most; however, they do not know what the recommended daily intake is. Still, half of the respondents think their diet includes enough fiber. The fiber intake in men and women was not much different. The most significant difference was in the...
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Encapsulation of probiotics and prebiotics for use in nutritional products for children
Šnajdarová, Karolína ; Němcová, Andrea (referee) ; Skoumalová, Petra (advisor)
The Diploma thesis deals with designing of probiotic dietary supplement for children with strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve and with prebiotics. Used prebiotics were Inulin, Chia fiber, Bamboo fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup. The theoretical part is focused on probiotics, prebiotics and their biological influence. In experimental part the possibilities of encapsulation into alginate particle and lyophilisation of probiotic cells were observed to find their good form to final nutritional product for children. Several types of probiotic with addition of prebiotics were tested in model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. It was found that addition of prebiotic highly increases viability of probiotic cells and their resistance to model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. In this case, the best prebiotic was found in Yakon syrup. The prebiotics were also characterised in terms of nutritional composition, amount of total and reducing sugars, oligosaccharides, proteins, lipids, polyphenols and chlorophyll were obtained. Finally, Chia fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup were chosen as prebiotics with best characterisation/properties. In conclusion, a dietary supplement with lyophilized alginate particles containing probiotic cells and with the most appropriate prebiotics were designed. Forms of the product were powder and gummy-bear.
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Consumption of fiber in old age
ŠÁLEK, Jan
The theme of this bachelor thesis is the Consumption of fiber in the old age (seniors). Formerly, the dietary fiber was considered unnecessarily burdensome for human organism. Later, it was found that it has a relatively large impact on human health, especially by serving as a prebiotic for symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. There is still prevailing opinion that roughage divides into a soluble and insoluble, despite that some types of fiber cannot be definitely classified and placed into any of these groups because they have characteristics of both of them. The daily recommended dose is 30 g. The qualitative research was used for elaboration of the practical part. The first goal was to find out how much fiber seniors consume. The second aim was to compare the consumption of fiber among elderly people living alone and the elderly living in retirement homes built for them. The research group, at the first research question, consists of 20 seniors from the Southern Region aged over 65 years. The research group, at the second research question, consists of five retirement homes from the whole Czech Republic. All respondents were given a record sheet for one week, and instructions on how to fill it. Acquired menus were subsequently re-calculated through the program "Nutriservis Professional". The results show higher consumption of fiber than the average in the Czech Republic, but there is still almost a half missing to get the recommended daily dose. There was observed BMI and its impact on the consumption of fiber. No significant effect was found, because overweight had all interviewees except one respondent. The financial limit is visible for evaluated diet of homes for the elderly, therefore, there are no whole grain products, vegetables and almost no fruit. Despite these limitations, the average consumption of fiber is almost equal to elderly people living alone. In conclusion, there is a proposition how to, despite the low funds, increase the intake of roughage, and avoid or, at least, reduce the problems associated with its low consumption. Recommendations for respondents are individual and given under each evaluation.
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Caseinomacropeptide biological properties
Vašíčková, Klára ; Potůčková, Miroslava (advisor) ; Michaela, Michaela (referee)
The aim of the bacherol thesis was to summarize the current knowledge about biological properties of caseinomacropeptide. Caseinomacropeptide is hydrophilic, mostly glycosylated peptide which commes from kappa-casein during its chymosine proteolysis.
Polypeptide has a lot of interesting functional and biological properties thanks which has a wide potential for food industry and development of new products with added value. Its valuable physico-chemical properties include surface activity (emulsifying and foaming properties), gel-forming and adsorption properties, thermo- and acidobasic stability. From the biological effects may be mentioned antibacterial, anticariogenic, antiviral, dietary, effects on the gastrointestinal tract, hypoallergenic and immunomodulatory properties and prebiotic.
In many studies was observed that the higher biological activity of caseinomacropeptide (native or hydrolysed forms) is connected with its glycosylation. One of the most important parameters is also sialic acid content. Good bioactive properties also demonstrated polypeptide conjugates with galactooligosaccharides. Antibacterial effect of caseinomacropeptide was recorded for example against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli ETEC K88, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotyp typhimurium CECT 443 a Listeria monocytogenes CECT 935. Polypeptide acted as prebioticum for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12, Bifidobacterium bifidum CCDM 94, Bifidobacterium thermophilum RB 267, Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 7517, Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lacti and Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-959-M. Anticariogenic properties of caseinomacropeptide were successfully used against selected strains of Streptococcus mutans, sanguis and sorbinus and model hydroxyapatite system. Glycosylated forms of polypeptide also stimulated gastric and pancreatic enzymes and cholecystokinin secretion but any positive influence of caseinomacropeptide on appetite and hunger suppressing and food and energy intake decreasing has not been observed.
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Effect of prebiotics on survival of bifidobacteria in digestive tract
Štěrba, Vojtěch ; Vlková, Eva (advisor) ; Jitka, Jitka (referee)
The gastrointestinal microbiota of livestock is a complex and diverse ecosystem, which strongly depends and correlates with animals health. One of the many ways, how to improve the composition of this microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, is application of probiotics, prebiotics or an appropriate combination called as synbiotics. Using subtle interventions can be achieved health benefits, increase
of some indicators livestock performance and improving the economic situation
of farming.
The aim of the thesis was to find out the effect of prebiotics on the currently applied probiotics and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Three groups
of calves were studied. In the first one the mixture of five strains of rifampicin resistant variants of Bifidobacterium (RRBif): Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis (2 strains), B. choerinum, B. thermophilum and B. longum ssp. suis was fed to 2 days old calves in a form of fermented milk. In the second group probiotics were adminestered together with prebiotics mixture contains fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides everyday. The third group without synbiotic treatment was used as a control. The numerous of main bacterial groups in gastrointestinal tract were determined by cultivation.
Our results showed that applied bacteria were able to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Administered bacteria persist in counts more than 107 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were fed only by probiotics and in numbers 108 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were treated by synbiotics. Furthermore a slow decrease of bifidobacterial numbers to 104 CFU / g was observed in both groups. Significant difference (p = 0.05) between the count of RRBif in probiotic and synbiotic group were determined only two days after administration of that additive. Administration of probiotics and synbiotics to calves increased the count of naturally occurring bifidobacteria, but these differences were not significant.
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Degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria
Makovská, Marie ; Bunešová, Věra (advisor) ; Švejstil, Roman (referee)
In my bachelor thesis I discuss different strains of bifidobacteria and their ability to utilize different complex carbohydrates as an energy source. For this bachelor thesis were used 112 strains of Bifidobacterium genus which came from different ecological niches. Official collection type and untyped strains were used, along with wild strains, some of which have been isolated by workers and students of the Faculty of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics at the Czech University of Life Sciences. Pure cultures were inoculated into media enriched with different substrates (3 types of starch and Nutriose - resistant dextrin), while tested substrates were always sole carbon sources. Media contained bromcresol red as a pH indicator. A positive sample of the culture, which was able to utilize the substrate, exerted a color change, because of the formation of metabolites (especially acetic acid and lactic acid), which was resulted in lowering the pH.
Further, cultures were tested for ability to degrade starch with so-called plate method. Petri plates contained an agar enriched with starch and tested Bifidobacterium strains were inoculated in preformed holes. After an anaerobic cultivation, coloration by Congo red agent and rinse by NaCl, bright zones around the samples, which prove ability to degrade starch by the bifidobacteria culture, were evaluated.
By the evaluation of the tests has been found that degradation of starch is more frequent for animal strains (which are more species-diverse). Positively respond 59,7 % of total 61 animal strains (20 different species of total 35). Strains isolated from human sources have less capacity of starch degradation. There 26 % of total 42 strains were able to degrade starch. However these positive strains include 8 different species of total 14 tested. From 6 dietary sources of strains just 2 strains (2 different species of 4 tested) were able to degrade starch. One of them was isolated from probiotic product (drops) and the second one was isolated from airag (Mongolian traditional fermented drink, which is made from the milk of mares). All three strains, which were isolated from sewage, can degrade starch (each of them was different species).
The results suggest that some substrate preference of Bifidobacterium strains depends of their habitat.
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Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed
KŘÍŽKOVÁ, Ivana
The theme of the bachelor thesis is Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed. Dietary fiber is defined as a carbohydrate food ingredient that cannot be transformed by one´s own enzymes. Fiber was originally considered a ballast food component. Gradually, it was found that it is a part of food fermented by colonic bacteria. Fiber is substrate for these bacteria and they transform it into substances intended for human organism. Fiber can be divided into soluble and insoluble. Both types are essential for human nutrition. A recommended fiber intake for an adult is 30 g per day. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis, was used qualitative research method. The research sample consisted of hospital two-weeks menus. One diet was applied in the hospital facility in the Central Bohemian region and one in the South Bohemian region. Using a computer program "Nutriservis Professional" I calculated the fiber content in the individual meals. The findings were compared with the recommended daily intake published in the book called Referenční hodnoty pro příjem živin and S výživou po celý rok. I also calculated energy value, amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates of the menus. The results were compared with the recommended values. As a research I interviewed the nutritional therapists in the hospital facilities about the patient´s diet and possible solutions to health problems caused by a lack of fiber. The interviews consisted of eight open questions focused on the fiber consumption, denying of foods containing fiber. The results of calculation previewed the menu at the first hospital facility that fiber deficiency occurs primarily in a liquid diet, while for rational diet, diabetic diet and for infants and older children the fiber content is sufficient. The menu of the other hospital contains insufficient amount of fiber, especially for diabetic diet or geriatic diet reducing fat. On the other hand, diabetic diet contains a plenty of fiber. The interviews that were supposed to find out how nutritional therapists approch the fiber issues in diets brought similar responses. The hospital in the Central Bohemian region include into the diet especially fruit, vegetable, whole grain products and legumes. Older patients ages constipation suffering from bowel obstuction, intestinal disease and flatulence frequently refuse fiber, especially legumes. If a patient has health problems caused be the lack of fiber nutritional therapists usually solve this problem by education and inclusion of fruit, vegetable and whole meal bread into the patient's diet. The hospital in the South Bohemian region frequently include into the diet potatoes, rice, fruit, legumes, vegetable and whole grain breads. Fiber is often rejected by older people and people suffering from diarrheal diseases. Health problems resulting from the lack of fiber are often solved by recommending by foods containing fiber or the nutritional supplements such as NutriFibre.
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