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Development of mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa during the period 1990-2009
Kvapil, Ondřej ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to compare the development of mortality during the period 1990-2009 in selected countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Two groups of countries were compared. The first group included countries only marginally afflicted with HIV/AIDS disease. The second group contained countries, where prevalence of HIV infection was higher than 10 % of population during the observed period. Differences between the two groups of countries were revealed in areas of age-specific mortality rates and decomposition of changes in life expectancy at birth. Basic analysis of causes of death was also performed, but it was complicated due to lack of data. Cause of death structure was compared between two countries. Republic of Mauritius was selected as proxy of first group of countries and Republic South Africa represented group of countries afflicted with HIV/AIDS. Differences in causes of death structure were confirmed in areas of standardised mortality rate.
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Analysis of Mortality Development in Russia using various decompositon methods
Kocová, Markéta ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
Analysis of mortality development in Russia using various decomposition methods Abstract The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate mortality development in Russia in last 50 years by using various decomposition methods. The first part presents the method of decomposition of the difference between two demographic indicators (E. Kitagawa's method or methods from E. Arriaga, R. Pressat and J. Pollard). In the second part mortality development in Russia is analyzed by using methods that decomposed the value of demographic indicators in a given year. Mortality is divided into senescent and background component by using the Gompertz-Makeham formula and by using the logistic model. Afterwards, avoidable and unavoidable mortality and mortality due to endogenous and exogenous causes of death is analyzed. Hypotheses, set out in the introductory chapter, are verified by using different decomposition methods. Using multiple methods of decomposition enable to obtain a more complex view of the evolution of mortality in the observed period so that could be viewed from multiple perspectives and identify specific population trends in Russia. Keywords: mortality, Russia, decomposition, senescent and background mortality, avoidable mortality, endogenous, exogenous, causes of death, mortality crisis
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Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population
Marková, Jitka ; Bartoňová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population Abstract The main objective of this study is to collect data and to provide information about current tuberculosis burden on European population and to capture the most important trends in development of spreading the infection in the European region in the period 1995-2010. A typology of the countries of the European region is performed on the base of main features of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the period 2008-2010. Detailed analysis of level of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality for each region was based on available data. The study also presents the plans of major world and European organizations to eliminate spread of tuberculosis.
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Effects of temperature extremes on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases
Urban, Aleš ; Kyselý, Jan (advisor) ; Huth, Radan (referee)
Faculty of Sicence, Charles University Aleš Urban, Praha 2012 Effects of temperature extremes on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases The thesis compares differences in the impacts of warm and cold days on both excess mortality and hospitalizations for individual cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Prague and a selected rural region (southern Bohemia - JČ) consisting of the Jihočeský kraj and Vysočina districts in the period 1994- 2009. Population size and age structure are similar in the two regions. The differences are compared between selected population groups (men and women; < 65 and 65+ years). Value of the 90% (10%) percentile of daily mean air temperature in summer (winter) during the period were used for the definition of warm (cold) days for each region separately. The excess mortality and hospitalizations were determined as the difference from standardized daily counts of death and hospital admissions, adjusted for epidemics of influenza/acute respiratory infections, long-term changes, and for annual and weekly cycles of mortality and hospitalizations. Generally higher relative excess CVD mortality on warm days was identified in Prague, while for cold days we found higher excess mortality in south Bohemia. In contrast to mortality, weak excess CVD hospitalizations were observed for both...
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Heat wave effect on mortality in summer 2003 and 2006 in Prague
Knobová, Veronika ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Bartoňová, Alena (referee)
Background: During August 2003 and July 2006 there were observed records of high temperature and high concentrations of pollutants across Europe. The effect of heat waves led to significant increases in total mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality. This study evaluates the association between exposure to the heat waves and daily non- accidental mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality in Prague, the Czech Republic. Methods: The effect of heat waves in summer 2003 and 2006 on mortality was investigated using the negative binomial regression (type of the Poisson model). Counts of death were regressed on temperature, long-term trends, season, day of week and concentrations of pollutants (O3 levels, PM10 levels, NO2 levels, SO2 levels, CO levels). We used one day lag. Results: We found an association between the heat waves in summer 2003 and 2006 and daily mortality and mortality on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. No statistically significant association was detected. The effect of the heat wave was more significant in women. Conclusions: The effect of the heat wave in August 2003 and July 2006 caused adverse effect on the mortality in Prague, though lower as compared to many other cities in Europe. Keywords: heat wave, mortality, temperature, ozone,...
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Selected theoretical and analytical approaches of demography to mortality at the highest age groups: illustration on selected countries
Kašpar, Dan ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Since the beginning of the 20th century the life expectancy, particularly in developed countries has risen at an unprecedented rate in human history. Demographers face the question whether the increase in life expectancy is caused by decreasing mortality at younger age-groups or whether it is also associated with the extension of human longevity. The objective of this work is to introduce theoretical and analytical approaches to mortality at the highest age-groups focused on cohort approach. The theoretical part of the study presents hypotheses that attempt to support the existence of the limit of human life. Groups of thoughts of authors in accordance with the limit of life expectancy they expect are introduced. In the text, there is followed also the discussion of selected authors dealing with methods used for estimation of the trend and potential limit of the life expectancy. For France, Sweden and the Czech Republic the cohort analysis of mortality for ages 80-105 and higher in generations 1866-1896 is analyzed. Results show reduced mortality at the highest age-groups in France and Sweden and its stagnation for the Czech women and rising for the Czech men.
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Demographic differentiation according to community size in Slovakia and the Czech Republic
Pangrácová, Zuzana ; Rychtaříková, Jitka (advisor) ; Kraus, Jaroslav (referee)
Demographic differentiation according to community size in Slovakia and the Czech Republic Abstract The aim of this work is to evaluate selected demographic indicators in the individual community size in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The first part is to compare the long-term trends of fertility, abortion, natural increase and infant mortality. The aim is to evaluate changes in the development of selected indicators during the common republic and the establishment of independent states. The basis of this work is the analysis of fertility and mortality since 2000 in the community size of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, but also a comparison of selected indicators of community size between independent republics. Keywords: community size, fertility, abortion, mortality, temporary life expectancy, demographic differentiation, Slovakia, Czech Republic
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Impact of alcohol on health
Kohoutová, Iva ; Rychtaříková, Jitka (advisor) ; Kraus, Jaroslav (referee)
Impact of alcohol on health Abstract According to World Health Organisation about 3 % of all deaths in the world are alcohol- -related. The Czech Republic has continuously high per capita alcohol consumption which is conected not only to health risks possibly leading to disability, permanent disability or to premature death. But also has social and economic impacts. Problematic drinking can decrease work performance which can lead to unemployment, it also increases risk of criminality and causes serious problems in family life. First part of this work briefly describes history and development of perception of alcoholism and its possible consequences. It also contains an analysis of alcohol consumption in the Czech republic and its sociodemographic determinants. The second part focuses on effects of alcohol on health and quantification of its impact on mortality and morbidity. Key words: alcohol, mortality, morbidity, alcoholism, injury, pregnancy
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Trends and patterns of cancer mortality in Kazakhstan in comparison with some selected European countries from 1986 to 2008
Ashimov, Askat ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
Trends and patterns of cancer mortality in Kazakhstan in comparison with some selected European countries from 1986 to 2008 Abstract This thesis primarily addresses mortality patterns and trends by main causes of death and by major neoplasms in Kazakhstan in comparison with the selected European countries: the Czech Republic, France and Sweden during 1986-2008. Within the whole group of main causes of death, the changes of mortality levels in different groups of neoplasms are analyzed. The analysis is accompanied with the comparison of mortality levels from major neoplasms within the selected countries. Afterwards the thesis focuses on cancer causes and risk factors in the countries under observation. The analysis concludes that the current mortality situation in Kazakhstan follows up long term adverse mortality trends of the past two decades and neoplasms remain an important public health problem in Kazakhstan. Key Words: mortality, cancer, malignant neoplasms, cause of death, standardized mortality rates, comparison, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, France, Sweden
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Development of regional differentiation of cardiovascular system mortality in the Czech Republic 1993-2008
Němeček, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (referee)
The goal of the study is to describe and analyze regional differences in cardiovascular system mortality in the Czech Republic. The work is focused on the period 1993-2008. Regional differentiation is examined on regional basis separately for men and women. The work is aimed at total cardiovascular system mortality. Then it deals with the most common mortality reasons. The main indicator of mortality is standardized mortality rate. In the described period there was a significant fall of the standardized mortality rate on cardiovascular system diseases. Regional differences didn't change much during the examined period. At the end of the study there is a division of regions based on the similar mortality characteristics.
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