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Problems of added sugars in our population
Burdová, Lucie ; Dostálová, Jana (advisor) ; Pelcl, Tomáš (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the intake of the added sugars among the population of young adults, particularly among the adults in the group of 30 to 45 years of age. The theoretical part of this thesis provides a brief overview of the saccharides based on their chemical composition and elementary classification. The sugars and the natural as well as the synthetic sweeteners and their use in the food industry are then discussed in detail. The concepts of naturally occurring and added sugars are described including the related legislative requirements for food labeling and nutritional recommendations issued by the international and national institutions. The special attention is devoted to the role of sugars in nutrition and to the health risks arising from an excessive sugar intake. The research part of the thesis includes a survey carried out in the form of a questionnaire aiming to investigate, in particular, the consumption of the sweetened soft beverages, the fruit products and the breakfast cereals and to defend the hypothesis that the chosen group of the population consumes the added sugars in an excessive amount. The practical part embodies also an analysis of the weekly diet of eight persons of the given age category focused on the amount of the total sugar intake. Although the excessive...
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Dynamic light scattering in the world of biomolecules
Križanová, Katarína ; Hofbauerová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Bednárová, Lucie (referee)
Title: Dynamic light scattering in the world of biomolecules Author: Katarína Križanová Department: Institute of Physics of Charles University Supervisor: RNDr. Kateřina Hofbauerová, Ph.D., Institute of Physics of Charles University Abstract: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) represents a non-destructive method which can determine the hydrodynamic radius of particles in a sample by laser scattering. Consequently, their real sizes can be calculated or, in the case of proteins, molecular masses can be estimated. DLS is nowadays widely used for the study of biomolecules and their reactions, as is documented in the thesis in a brief review. Our experimental work was focused on the measurement of proteins by DLS - lysozyme was used as a model protein. The laboratory protocol for sample preparation and DLS measurement was successfully optimized. In the framework of methodology optimization, the ability of correct detection of small particles was tested using sucrose. We came to the lowest limit of particle dimensions measurable by DLS using sucrose. We were able to observe the linear dependence of the measured hydrodynamic radius on sucrose concentration in the solution and we were also able to determine the hydrodynamic radius of sucrose correctly, in agreement with literature. We practically demonstrated the...
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Determining the level of knowledge about proper nutrition at undergraduate students TV and sport
JANEČEK, Marek
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to determine the level of knowledge in the field of nutrition in students of physical education and sport and to determine the importance of knowledge about nutrition as part of the study of physical education and sport. The theoretical part contains information about health, healthy lifestyle, nutrition and nutrition in sport. In more detail, nutrition components such as proteins, fats, sugars, and vitamins are described. Here are also said the most common eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia and the most common alternative directions in the nutrition. The practical part deals detection of knowledge of students in the field of physical education and sport. The level of knowledge was detected by the research questionnaire method. Questionnaires were handed over to students during the lessons. The survey was attended by 73 students whose completed questionnaires were evaluated using graphs and tables. On the basic of detected the results, it was created an overview of the level of knowledge about good eating. From results show that a set of questions about the basic knowledge about healthy nutrition is at a very good level. It has also been shown that a group of issues relating to more advanced knowledge about healthy nutrition is at a sufficient level. The bachelor thesis could be further a contribution to creating the content of the subject of nutrition in sport.
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Experimental study of chemical evolution of biomolecules under early Earth conditions
Knížek, Antonín ; Ferus, Martin (advisor) ; Adam, Vojtěch (referee)
Origin of life is a still-enduring gap in human knowledge. This work is focused on revealing of several pieces of this puzzle. State of the art scenarios of biomolecules synthesis under prebiotic conditions are presented and discussed. This thesis presents our recent experiments suggesting a novel idea that neutral planetary atmosphere containing a mixture of neutral volcanic-type gasses (CO2, N2, H2O) can be converted over acidic mineral catalysts upon irradiation by a soft UV-radiation into a relatively reactive mixture of reducing gases (CH4, CO), which can be further reprocessed by high-energy chemistry. The resulting mixture (CH4, CO + N2) represents a common reducing atmosphere related e.g. to the chemistry of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, as well as a possible representation of the secondary atmosphere of our planet. Also, photocatalytic reduction of CO2-rich atmosphere can explain the abiotic origin of methane on current Mars or other terrestrial planets. In our subsequent experiments, corresponding equimolar model mixture of CH4 : CO : N2 in presence of water vapour was subjected to reprocessing by high-power laser plasma simulating an asteroid impact - one of a series of impact events which the young Earth experienced during the first 600 million years of her history. Upon delivery...
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Cytokinins and plant senescence
Pokorná, Monika ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Kutík, Jaromír (referee)
Senescence is a natural process, which is a part of plant developmental programme. However, the onset of senescence can be greatly influenced by external conditions. An important part of plant senescence is a senescence of leaves manifested by chloroplasts breakdown. That is connected to mobilization of nitrogen contained in proteins, which provide their function. However, the correct timing of natural senescence is substantive for the plant. The initiation as well as the process of natural senescence is influenced by several factors. Senescence is in varying degrees controlled by phytohormones, regulation factors and it is also driven by epigeneticall processes. Leaf senescence can be caused by several exogenous (light conditions, temperature, water and mineral availability, pathogen attack) and internal (carbohydrate levels, hormones, age, developmental stage) conditions. As well as many other developmental stages, senescence is greatly regulated by phytohormones. Ethylene, abscisic acid, salicyl acid and methyljasmonate support leaf aging, on contrary cytokinins delay senescence associated processes. Studying of cytokinin with chlorophyll analysis is an important part of every study of senescence. This work summarizes literature information of regulation of senescence with an accent on the role...
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Importance of nutrition, mainly proteins, in power sports.
Šesták, David ; Bláha, Pavel (advisor) ; Martinča, Jozef (referee)
Heavy athletics is a great stress for a human organism. This stress has to be compensated by proper nourishment and proper relaxation. Higher intake of all nutrients is always linked to heavy athletics. Some nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc and proteins have a unique role in strength disciplines. Especially proteins are considered by both amateur and professional athletes as the most essential for muscle building. It is questionable how much protein is needed and how does its quality (directly linked to digestibility and absorbency) differ in animal and plant proteins, or even in supplementations proteins. The types of nourishment proteins that are combined together and what type of training is preferred matter significantly. Other agents of high significance are evidently, with direct or indirect influence, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, fats, vitamins, minerals and drinking habits.
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Vliv odlistění révových keřů bílých odrůd na regulaci cukernatosti a kyselin v hroznech
Holešinský, Radim
The main aim of this bachelor thesis was to determine the effect of the defoliation zones to regulate the sugar content of grapes and the content and composition of acids in the grapes. In the introduction describes the meaning and function of leaf area. The following is a description of the composition of the berries, basic sugars and acids, their development in the berries during the growing season and the impact of sugars and acids on wine quality. In the next chapter the importance of agro-technical action contributing to the formation of leaf area. In the end is described defoliation zones grapes. What does it mean defoliation, what are the most appropriate terms, the extent and intensity of defoliation and defoliation recommendations into practice.
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Study of fruit ripening and storage
Langová, Jiřina ; Zemanová, Jana (referee) ; Babák, Libor (advisor)
There are many changes in fruit quality during its ripening and storage. The following four apple varieties were studied: Champion, Glostr, Golden Delicious and Idaret. Amount of reducing sugars, total amount of sugars, quantities of acids, refractive solids and loss of starch were monitored. The changes of parameters, the differences between the varieties and differences in storage were compared. Parameters were monitored from mid-August 2008, when the apples ripened. After the harvest, apples were stored in a cool box at 2 - 3 ° C and at room temperature 20 - 23 ° C. Apples stored in the cool box were analyzed till the end of March 2009, and apples stored at room temperature until the beginning of January 2009. Total quantity of sugars in all varieties increases before harvest, while it decreases after picking the apples. The quantity of reducing sugars in apples rises gradually and after their picking it falls significantly in apples stored at 20 - 23 ° C. In apples stored in the cool box it continues rising until the end of November, and then it also decreases. Losses of starch are considerable and they are accelerated after the harvest. The quantity of acids also decreases throughout and amounts of refractive solids increases. For all varieties there are significant changes in storage at 20 - 23 ° C. Temperature, therefore, significantly affects processing of sugars and acids in fruit respiration.
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Study of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols
Gazdošová, Lucie ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; RNDr. P. Mikuška, CSc. (advisor)
Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in various atmospheric issues (effect to the radiation budget of the atmosphere, visibility reduction, smog production, destruction of stratospheric ozone, …). Epidemiological studies proved a correlation between increased mortality and high concentration of ambient particulate matter. Over the past decade, a growing attention has been focused on the organic compounds that are constituents of aerosol particles. Although organic compounds comprise often up to 60% of the total aerosol mass, their composition, concentration and formation mechanisms are not well understood. Diploma thesis will deal with the study of chemical composition of organic compounds bound to atmospheric aerosols with focus on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and sugars. Atmospheric aerosols will be sampled on filters and filter extracts will be analysed for content of studied organic compounds by means of GC, GC-MS or LC, respectively. Development and optimalization of extraction methods (PSE, …) and detection of compounds of interest. Concentration of studied organic compounds in aerosol size fractions PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1 will be compared.
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