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Emission of nanoparticles in the nanotextile industry
Nechvátal, Marek ; Klouda, Karel ; Kubátová, Hana ; Roupcová, Petra ; Bátrlová, Kateřina
We encounter smoke quite regularly in our lives. Smoke consists of gaseous, liquid and solid components that are produced by the combustion/oxidation of fuel. The chemical composition of smoke depends not only on the fuel used but also on a number of other parameters (operation, technology, atmospheric effects). The chemical composition of smoke is therefore variable and cannot be easily characterised. The combustion of wood releases into the atmosphere not only unconsumed air but also wood particles, CO2, methane, volatile organic compounds, trace elements and ultrafine particles. Measurements are published on this topic for a given type of combustion technology with a specific fuel type. The procedure for measuring the concentration of nanoparticles (10-700 nm) in wood smoke and their mean diameters can be called "field". The aim of these measurements in real situations was to find and describe sources of elevated nanoparticle concentrations. Substantial quantitative information on the occurrence of nanoparticles in wood combustion in different types of wood burners was obtained in the field under real climatic conditions, typical of the winter season in Central Europe, when most domestic heating takes place. Thus, wood burning in households in predominantly agricultural areas of the Czech Republic can be considered as a major source of outdoor air pollution, but can also have a significant impact on the deterioration of indoor air quality. At the same time, it can be assumed that the negative impact of nanoparticles on human health in areas polluted by wood smoke is weaker than the impact elsewhere - in industrial, more polluted areas.
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Guardians of the Public Interest: Frame Delimiting of watchdog Activism in the Context of Social scientific Discourse and in the Perspective of its Representatives
Beránková, Petra Alexandra ; Frič, Pavol (advisor) ; Kotlas, Petr (referee)
The work deals with the phenomenon of so called watchdog organizations. The increasing number and influence of these organizations indicates a creation of new social movement. The authoress defines them as a type of public benefit nongovernmental organizations focused on the controlling of the public sphere or advocating and asserting a "public interest" in relation to the democratization of society. The authoress target is to understand this type of action, so she asks herself the question: Which frameworks are used by watchdog activists for the interpretation of their acting? At first there is briefly presented the concept of watchdog in the context of wider reflections of contemporary society, mainly in the context of reflexive modernity, monitory and participatory democracy and information society. Secondly there is introduced Goffman's framework analysis and the related conceptualization of framework of social movements by Benford and Snow. The authoress highlights a definition of frames as the principles of selection, emphasis and presentation about what happens, and what matters. In the next part of this work, there are presented the methodology and results of the qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with watchdog activists. The research is settled in the area of...
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Taxation of income from employment: Real Impact of Legislative Changes - case study
Marková, Diana ; Kemény, Irena (advisor) ; Hollmannová, Monika (referee)
This paper discusses the development of income tax of employees. The aim of this work is to model the real impact of legislative changes in the Czech Republic on the actual tax burden of employees with different incomes and propose optimal solution of tax calculation. The modelling is based on data containing gross salary, applicable tax allowances and tax reliefs for each employee of concrete production company in 2012. For the other years, the data are modelled from the given set using inflation. For comparison of the actual tax burden I use the effective tax rate, implicit tax rate and net implicit tax rate. The results of the calculations show that the tax deductions and the minimum and maximum base for social and health security contributions have the biggest effect on the tax rate. In the absence of tax deductions, the real tax burden for most employees according to the effective tax rate would have been almost constant over time. In fact, in terms of the effective tax rate the tax burden has declined slightly thanks to an increase in tax deductions. The results also show that the biggest differences in tax burden among employees are due to the (non) application of tax deductions.
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Effect of Amino Acids Derivatives And Ceramides on Skin Barrier Function
Janůšová, Barbora ; Vávrová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Balgavý, Pavol (referee) ; Rabišková, Miloslava (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of inorganic and organic chemistry Candidate: Mgr. Barbora Janůšová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Kateřina Vávrová, Ph.D. Title of Doctoral Thesis: Effect of amino acids derivatives and ceramides on skin barrier function The main goal of my thesis was to contribute to the understanding of behavior of the ceramides and skin barrier function modulators based on amino acids derivatives, as well as to elucidate the relationship between their structure and activity. Transdermal permeation enhancers are compounds that temporarily decrease skin barrier properties to promote drug flux. In the first part of my thesis, enhancers with amino acids (proline, sarcosine, alanine, β-alanine, and glycine) attached to hydrophobic chain(s) via a biodegradable ester link were investigated. The double-chain lipid-like substances displayed no enhancing effect, whereas single-chain substances significantly increased skin permeability. The most active enhancer - proline derivative L-Pro2 reached enhancement ratios of up to 40 at 1% concentration, which is higher than that of the well-established and standard enhancers Azone, DDAIP, DDAK, and Transkarbam 12. No stereoselectivity was observed. L-Pro2 acted synergistically with propylene glycol and...
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Effects of chemopreventive compounds on cytochrome P450s
Křížková, Jitka ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Helia, Otto (referee) ; Václavíková, Radka (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Science Department of Biochemistry Effects of chemopreventive compounds on cytochrome P450s Summary of Ph.D. Thesis RNDr. Jitka Křížková Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Hodek, CSc. Prague 2010 Introduction 1 Introduction According to the World Health Organization statistics, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the human population worldwide for more than 50 years. Moreover, colorectal and gastrointestinal tract cancers are one of the main types of cancer leading to overall cancer mortality. Prevention consisting in a healthy lifestyle and a natural diet is suggested to be one of the main approaches to reduce cancer risk. In recent years, the consumption and use of dietary supplements containing concentrated chemopreventive phytochemicals increased dramatically. Flavonoids, as the most popular representatives of chemopreventive compounds, present in foods (fruits, vegetables, herbs, beverages) and dietary supplements have the potential to modulate the activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes [Hodek et al., 2002]. Among proteins interacting with flavonoids, cytochrome P450s (CYPs), monooxygenases metabolizing xenobiotics (e.g. drugs, carcinogens), play the most prominent role. The two members of CYP1A subfamily, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, are involved in the...
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Distribution of predators, predation risk and antipredation strategies in waterfowl
Kreisinger, Jakub ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bureš, Stanislav (referee) ; Tkadlec, Emil (referee)
Jakub Kreisinger - summary of the Ph.D. thesis: Predation is an important selective force affecting many evolutionary and ecological process. Anthropogenic landscape changes often alter these processes due to qualitative and quantitative changes in the predator comunity. This thesis contains four papers that are focused on various aspects of the nest predation, antipredation strategies and distribution of predators in the landscape modified by human activities. The first contribution "Nest protection in mallards (Anas plathyrhynchos): Untangling the role of crypsis and parental behaviour" (Kreisinger & Albrecht 2008) focus on the effect of antipredation strategies on the reproductive success in a ground nesting bird, mallard. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that multiple antipredation strategies including nest site selection parental antipredation behavior and crypsis due to clutch concealment by the nest material during incubation recesses reduce sumultaniousely the risk of the clutch predation in birds. Contrary to some previous studies, the relative effects of crypsis and parental anti-predation behaviour on nest survival did not differ with respect to antipredation effect of the nest concealment by surrounding vegetation. The hypothesis that linear strips of shrubby vegetation and high grass...
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Work of architect Jakob Gartner in the territory of Austria-Hungary
Halusková, Tereza ; Biegel, Richard (advisor) ; Prahl, Roman (referee)
(in English): The subject of this thesis is the work of a Jewish architect Jakob Gartner (1860 - 1921) in the fields of sacral and mundane architecture. The paper is limited to structures build on the territory of Austria-Hungary. The beginning of the thesis is dedicated to the emerging emancipation of Jews and their influence on the whole society. Right after is the introduction to the theoretical discussion about the style and form, which were preceding the newly created architecture. After this introduction, the paper is pursuing the person of the architect Jakob Gartner himself. The key part of the thesis presents constructed and only planned synagogues across the countries. In the end the focus dedicated to constructed, mostly Viennese, mundane buildings and constructions like a maternity hospital, villa and a larger number of apartment buildings. The final part of the paper is a complete list of the work of Jakob Gartner, which includes as well the buildings built in the regions of Moravia and Silesia.
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REACTION OF SOME OXIDOREDUCTASES WITH SELECTED DONORS OF NITRIC OXIDE
Marounková, Běla ; Ryšlavá, Helena (referee)
One of the key functions of nitric oxide (NO) in human is to dilate blood vessels. Glycerol trinitrate (GTN) and other well-known NO donors together with those bearing a >C=N-OH group were tested for possible conversion to NO (or nitrites, respectively) by diaphorase (DP) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD). Both, DP and LAD, were unable to convert Nω- hydroxy-L-arginine (L-NOHA). Although superoxide anion (SOD) participates to a varying extent in the conversion of donors (formaldoxime (FAL), acetaldoxime (AO), nitroprusside (NP), S-nitrosoglutathione (SNOG), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and hydroxylamine (HA)), its reactive product, hydrogen peroxide, had no effect on the conversion of these donors. The ratio of formed nitrite/nitrate is important for comparison of the reactions catalyzed by DP and LAD with NO donors.
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Vliv stavu a funkce imunitního systému na pohlavní výběr u ptáků
Vinkler, Michal ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kleven, Oddmund (referee) ; Grim, Tomáš (referee)
Evolution is a most fascinating feature of all living things in our world. The means of organismal evolution are diverse, comprising mainly of natural and sexual selection. Both of these phenomena may contribute to evolutionary adaptations in health and disease. The questions of immunity impact on the process of sexual selection and sexual selection for increased anti-parasite resistance are wide issues of the present research in natural sciences. Their clarification requires multidisciplinarily-based investigation combining a variety of partial results into a single united paradigm. My co-workers and I have chosen several specific issues to study, in order to fill some of the important gaps of the current knowledge. We proposed the Carotenoid maintenance handicap hypothesis to point out that optimisation instead of maximisation of the carotenoid intake and ornamental display may be physiologically convenient for the individual. In Scarlet rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) we confirmed the role of the carotenoid-based ornamental colouration in the process of sexual selection and investigated several partial aspects of the association between immunogenetics, immune function, health and the ornament expression and mate choice. In Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) we have shown that the present way of...
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Influence of structural aspects on photophysical properties atphthalocyanines
Cidlina, Antonín ; Zimčík, Petr (advisor) ; Musílek, Kamil (referee) ; Lang, Kamil (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control Candidate: Mgr. Antonín Cidlina Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Petr Zimčík, Ph.D. Consultant: doc. PharmDr. Veronika Nováková, Ph.D. Title of the Thesis: Influence of structural aspects on photophysical properties at phthalocyanines Phthalocynines (Pc) and their aza-analoues tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines (TPyzPz) are macrocyclic compounds with 18 delocalized π-electrons. The large conjugated system of double bonds imparts them unique spectral, photophysical and electronic properties which can be tuned by peripheral substitution or/and central metal cation. They found their use in several areas such as photodynamic therapy, catalyst, liquid crystals and solar cells. The first part of this doctoral thesis describes the influence of structural aspects on effectiveness of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) at TPyzPz. ICT is responsible for considerable decrease of photophysical parameters of TPyzPz - quantum yields of singlet oxygen () and fluorescence (F). At first, we focused on the effect of the electronic properties of peripheral substituents attached on macrocycle core on ICT efficiency in TPyzPz. The series of TPyzPz with various peripheral substituents was designed and...
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