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Moral obligation as sociological fact and theoretical problem: a debate between Bergson and Kant
Palmea, King Reinier ; Ottmann, François (advisor) ; Serban, Claudia (referee)
This work aims to explicate the difference between Bergson and Kant's concept of obligation in light of Bergson's critique of Kant in his book Les Deux Sources de la Morale et Religion (The Two Sources of Morality and Religion). From what perspective does this critique and reading of Kant originate? I argue that it lies in their different approaches to morality. On one hand, Bergson views moral obligation as a sociological and anthropological fact. He applies an existential approach in his moral theory because the anthropological fact he engages with, namely the phenomenon of barbarism during the First World War, provides the framework for his typology of closed and open morality, and his critique of deontology. On the other hand, Kant considers morality as a theoretical problem; morality is a conceptual engagement-an investigation of the concepts that morality presupposes. Their divergent approaches underpin (1) the difference in their conception of freedom in relation to morality and (2) their conception of mysticism as a possible ground for morality. Keywords: obligation, reason, pressure, aspiration, morality, freedom, autonomy, moral creativity, mysticism
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Nicolas Berdiaev and the Theology of liberation: idea of a revolutionary Christianity.
Genieys, Hadrien ; Serban, Claudia (advisor) ; Goddard, Jean-Christophe (referee)
In this dissertation, the aim is to show the influence of Nicolas Berdiaev's philosophy on the Latin American movement of the Theology of Liberation. The goal is to clarify the meaning of what would mean a "revolutionary Christianity" from this theological movement. We try to show that they approach in an original way a certain number of phenomena. In the first chapter we try to characterize the notion of "structural sin". This allows us to show how sin becomes "institution" and "ideology". We try to provide a Christian analysis of the phenomenon of secularization and to show how the struggle against idolatry takes on the meaning, within this phenomenon, of fighting against the ideology of exclusion. In a second chapter we try to characterize the poor, victim of this ideology of exclusion as the "theological place" from which the Church must be established. This will lead us to reflect on what the "periphery" is and to think of a movement of "decentralization" of the Church. In the third and last part, we seek to clarify two historical dynamics that we call "teleological" and "eschatological" respectively. We then try to understand the Kingdom of God as the final object of the eschatological dynamic that we are trying to characterize, and we characterize the teleological dynamics as a cause and consequence...
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Sartre, the Dialectic and History: About Existential Subjectivity in Marxism
El-Hajj, Philippe ; Serban, Claudia (advisor) ; Goddard, Jean-Christophe (referee)
The two Sartrian categories of the series and the group-in-fusion - developed in la Critique de la raison dialectique - constitute a real essential ideological foundation to a set of situations as diverse as complex. They represent "the eternal return" of a materially frozen reality, and of various attempts to get out of it - worker against employers, proletarian against the bourgeois, colonized against colonizer, Palestinian against the violent Zionist entity, ecologist against businessman - as many situations kneaded with inertia which we must obstruct in everyday life and which freeze the latter in a static ontological posture. As per our study, it goes further and deepens how the Sartrian subjectivity retains all its importance as long as it finds itself placed in a profoundly Marxian perspective, acquiring through group mediation and its praxis an active dimension giving it real potential for change. The main problem which therefore we are facing is to determine how Sartre, by his reworking of the foundations of the dialectic of History, was able to lead to a new vision of praxis which involves as many unique forms of action as there are unique subjectivities that participate in it. It will also be a question of demonstrating the ethical outlets of this Sartrian dialectic enterprise. The main goal of...
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Derrida, the untouchable, flesh
Uzir, Srijan ; Maesschalck, Marc (advisor) ; Serban, Claudia (referee) ; Camilleri, Sylvain (referee)
This thesis is a reading of Jacques Derrida's critique of an ontology of touch, otherwise known as 'haptocentrism'. It takes as its focus Derrida's reading of Husserl's Ideen II in his book Le Toucher-Jean-Luc Nancy. This is a text that has received much less attention from commentators who focus on Derrida's relationship to phenomenology. Through this reading, we hope to fill an important gap in the critical literature on this subject. Through our reading, we hope to destabilise the concept of the body proper.
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The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology
Reinhardt, Charlotte ; Serban, Claudia (advisor) ; Sepp, Hans Rainer (referee)
In The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology, gender difference in the two-gender model is examined from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. For this purpose, three social constructivist theories of gender difference are brought into conversation with each other under the prism of lived body-body-person. In this way, the work aims to catch a glimpse of the gendered human being in all the spheres that open up their world. Key words: Helmuth Plessner, Philosophical Anthropology, anthropology, gender difference, gender studies, philosophy of the twentieth century, phenomenology, social philosophy, Judith Butler, Doing Gender, theory of interaction, constructivism
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Nicolas Berdiaev and the Theology of liberation: idea of a revolutionary Christianity.
Genieys, Hadrien ; Serban, Claudia (advisor) ; Goddard, Jean-Christophe (referee)
In this dissertation, the aim is to show the influence of Nicolas Berdiaev's philosophy on the Latin American movement of the Theology of Liberation. The goal is to clarify the meaning of what would mean a "revolutionary Christianity" from this theological movement. We try to show that they approach in an original way a certain number of phenomena. In the first chapter we try to characterize the notion of "structural sin". This allows us to show how sin becomes "institution" and "ideology". We try to provide a Christian analysis of the phenomenon of secularization and to show how the struggle against idolatry takes on the meaning, within this phenomenon, of fighting against the ideology of exclusion. In a second chapter we try to characterize the poor, victim of this ideology of exclusion as the "theological place" from which the Church must be established. This will lead us to reflect on what the "periphery" is and to think of a movement of "decentralization" of the Church. In the third and last part, we seek to clarify two historical dynamics that we call "teleological" and "eschatological" respectively. We then try to understand the Kingdom of God as the final object of the eschatological dynamic that we are trying to characterize, and we characterize the teleological dynamics as a cause and consequence...
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The Principe of Governmentality and the Modern State. Hegel and Foucault on the Political Rationality
Dekanozishvili, Irakli ; Goddard, Jean-Christophe (advisor) ; Serban, Claudia (referee)
Our essay investigates the influence of Hegel on Foucault concerning to the modern state and the political rationality. In his course at College de France in 1978, Foucault employs a concept of "governmentality" to describe the means through which the administrative state forms and maintains itself. Political "governmentality" marks a passage from a territorial state to the state of population, referring to a rational knowledge that aims to govern the people through a new political structuration and new technologies of power. This important transformation consists of two doctrines: The reason of state and the theory of police. These doctrines allow Foucault to discover the rationality of the modern state, whose main purpose is respectively a perfect knowledge of state with its institutions and a growth of state power through the population. In Hegel's work, we find the rationality according to which the administrative state should be constituted and maintained. It is a domain of the objective spirit which, by overcoming of individual wills, arrives finally at universality and objectivity. This central process will not take place without the institutions which coordinate the private interests with collective imperatives and which provide a space for social intercomprehension. Despite the fact, that...
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Unamuno and Kundera: I, existence and scepticism
Velasco Burgunder, Alitzel ; Ferrer, Diogo (advisor) ; Serban, Claudia (referee)
The research of the understanding of the I and the research of the meaning of the existence can lead to a scepticism concerning the possibility of a rational and knowledge. Miguel de Unamuno and Milan Kundera look for what the I is and for what we know about who we are. Finding no answers after looking for "universal truths", they decide to keep the thought aside and express their feelings about life through art: literature in their case, instead of accepting assertions or evidences they can't prove, being therefore confronted to criticisms and major problems. Even if we can think about other solutions in the wish of overcoming the anxiety that can be caused by the lack of certainties, we criticise the acceptation of a theory or thesis based on suppositions, evidences or axiomatic assertions about which we can always doubt. The way to art and the suspension of judgment are the solutions that Unamuno and Kundera develop. In this work, we will compare how these writers set up their thinking through literature as a form of art. Their solutions are mainly two: the lightness of the I and the immortality as a self-fulfilment in relation with the otherness. Key words: I; Scepticism; Reason; Sentiment, Agony; Existentialism; Art; Kundera; Unamuno; Literature
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