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Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Indicator of Central Banks
Bilková, Simona ; Bažantová, Ilona (advisor) ; Dupáková, Lenka (referee)
Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Indicator of Central Banks Abstract The diploma thesis on the subject "Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Indicator of Central Banks" aims to compare the successfulness of the inflation targeting executed by the Czech National Bank and the European Central Bank. Inflation targeting as a monetary- political regime was used for the first time almost 30 years ago and its merit is to influence the inflation rate based on the adjustments of short-term interest rates and the stabilization of inflation expectations. It is based on the accountability of central banks to fulfill the set target, their transparency and communication with the public, for example via publishing the macroeconomic prognoses. The first chapter of the diploma thesis aims to define the term central bank and inflation targeting. It deals with the purpose of central banks, their instruments to pursue monetary policy, independence and accountability of central banks, and determines the rule of central banks' monetary policy. Additionally, it explains medium- and long-term vertical Phillips curve and Taylor's rule. The second chapter addresses the topic of the Czech national bank and aims to describe its function and inflation targeting. It specifies its main purpose, instruments of the monetary policy and...
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Reduction of pain in selected diagnostic and nursing performances based on best practices in the care of the newborns
BÍLKOVÁ, Simona
This thesis deals with neonatal pain and possibility of its reduction during three most painful interventions, to which newborns are exposed. The interventions were selected based on the study of literature, among them belongs collection of capillary blood for screening of newborns, insertion and removal of a gastric tube and airway suctioning of the newborn. Pain has protective reasons as it shall protect us from harming tissues. But sometimes it is necessary to cause pain for the purpose of performing a diagnostic or medical treatment. But there are some ways how to reduce pain at newborns. The theoretical part describes the basic facts about pain, its origin and transfer, importance and types of pain. This thesis also describes the specifics of fetus nervous system maturation during pregnancy. Furthermore, it mentions evaluation of pain manifestation and ways of treating it. Another sub-chapter contains a description of selected medical treatments and ways of palliating pain during their implementation. The last section is dedicated to clinical recommended procedures. The practical part of the work was carried out in four neonatal intensive care units. There were intentionally selected three respondents in each unit, with whom were led guided interviews which are recorded in chapter 4.2. Results of interviews with each respondent are summarized in transparent tables. This thesis had three objectives. The first objective was to compare the method of implementation of selected painful procedures at newborns in theory and practice. We wanted to know whether nursing procedures carried out in selected neonatal units correspond with procedures described in literature. By questioning and observation was found out that some respondents did not follow recommendations. The differences are described in chapter "Results and discussion". The second objective was to determine whether nurses at selected wards have selected performance standards and whether they are also interested in latest procedures of palliating pain at newborns. All respondents stated that performance standards are selected, but not all are prescribed only for newborns. Almost all respondents (except one) have stated that they were interested in new ways of reducing pain, but not all methods are listed in the standards. The third objective was to determine whether nurses abide selected nursing care standards and whether they employ their most recent knowledge about neonatal pain reduction in practice. By observiation was not found non-observance of standards, but also was not found implementation of new procedure knowledge that respondents stated in an interview. At the same time the respondents (except two) reported that there was no need to change the standards at selected performances. The outcome of this work is a new standard for each performance which was dealt with in this thesis. Standards were created eventhough the respondents stated that there was no need to change them. It is necessary to verify new standards in practice.
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