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Vede (příjmová) nerovnost k většímu násilí ve společnosti?
Mlčoch, Tomáš ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
The article investigates the impact of inequality on violence in society using the data from the EU for the years from 2005 to 2008. The results show a positive and significant impact (in 2005) of inequality on violent crime while increase by one point in the Gini index means an increase in violent crime by 6,1%. Moreover, I find the relationship with the GDP growth and prison population significant, and negative correlation with GNI PPP per capita and the number of police officers. Above all, the Power Distance Index (measuring perceived inequality and centralisation of power) has a very significant and positive effect on violent crime, an increase in 1 point means an increase in violent crime by 1,8%. The factor of residential segregation is also discussed as a limit or a bias during the investigation of the effect of inequality and violence using the data from a smaller territorial unit than the state-level.
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Majetnický efekt: Ceníme si více informací z knih?
Hadincová, Ludmila ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Hudík, Marek (referee)
The main purpose of this thesis is to answer a question, whether an individual appreciates more information originating from physical media than information from virtual media. Respectively, if these two types of media have a different impact on the endowment effect. This effect is conditioned by the individual's physical possession of an object that is provided by physical media, but not allowed by virtual media. The first part of the experiment is based on the comparison of buyer's willingness to pay for information from physical and virtual media (WTP) with seller's willingness to accept payment for the information (WTA). The results from the first part of the experiment did not satisfy the hypothesis about participant's higher valuation of information from physical media. But it was found out that buyers were more willing to pay for the information from physical media suggesting the emergence of quasi-endowment effect. Subjects were reluctant to pay for the electronic version of information. The second part of the experiment is based on comparison of participant's preferences for books in regular and virtual format. It was proved that participants who had an experience only with the book in electronic format were more eager to exchange it for the other book. The opposite effect was documented for participants who had the book in regular format. So, the results from the second part of the experiment provided weak evidence on behalf of the prediction about greater impact of physical media information on the endowment effect. The thesis is further focused on detection of personal characteristic's impacts on the endowment effect. Finally, it was discovered that subjects felt loss aversion of information and that information from books were perceived trustworthier.
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Business Cycle and Traffic Fatalities
Hátle, Lukáš ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Jaklín, Jiří (referee)
The paper tests the hypothesis regarding the assumed relation between economic cycle and mortality caused by road traffic accidents. The analysis has been done using fixed effect regression method on panel data collected in 20 EU member countries between years 1995-2008. The results (with a limited significance) may show that one percentage point decrease of the unemployment rate results in a one percentage increase in the road traffic mortality rate. The effect is caused by the increased traffic intensity as well as by changes in the drivers' behaviour that accompany the economic growth (e.g. higher consumption of alcoholic beverages). The results hint further that the strength of the relation differs for various age categories. The strongest relation between the economic cycle and the mortality was found for the young generation, 15-29 years of age. In this age group, one percentage point decrease in the unemployment rate means 1.77% increase in the road traffic mortality rate.
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Does corruption cause public finance deficit?
Turko, Dominik ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Skopeček, Jan (referee)
With the use of panel data from the year 2005 to 2009 tracking the 27 EU member countries, it is tested; wheather corruption causes public finance deficits. The indicator control of corruption, which is a part of WGI (World Governance Indicators) is used as the main measure of corruption-level. This rate is annually compiled by the World Bank organization. Corruption effects deficit through lower tax revenues. Lower tax revenues are the consequence of lower rate of growth. The second main transmission channel between corruption and deficit is the higher public expenditures, which are the result of inefficiency of public investment (Kaufmann, 2010). With the help of the fixed-effects model the introductory hypothesis has been verifyed. Improvement of the measure control of corruption by one unit leads to the reduction of the public finance deficit as the share of GDP by about 4 pp. The hypothesis, that the size of government affects the deficit negatively has also been verified. The increase of the size of the government as the share of public expenditure of GDP of 1 pp causes the increase of deficit of 0,26 pp. The membership in EMU represents an encreace of deficit by 2 pp. First, the economic freedom reduces deficits of public finance, but later it has the opposite effect.
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Is the beauty for sale?
Krčmářová, Markéta ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Rotschedl, Jiří (referee)
The thesis examines, whether the economic status of the person affects his or her attractiveness for the opposite sex. The assumption is, that if a man or a woman chooses an attractive person of the opposite sex, such choise can be influenced by the indications of the economic status of the object of attraction. It was also assumed that women, unlike men, attribute greater importance of the economic status of their potential partners. The project was designed as a survey using printed questionnaires and questionnaires filled directly on the internet. The results demonstrated that the economic status does not affect the attractiveness of the person to the opposite sex. They have shown that the decisive criteria in making the choice is the physical appearance. This result corresponds to the trend, that the partnership (marriage) is losing its traditional productive economic significance and is increasingly based on the shared consumption. Therefore, the importance of the potential partner's economic status diminishes but the importace shared values gains. In cases of the short term relationships the importance of the physical appearance is increasing.
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Změny porodného a načasování porodů
Pažitka, Marek ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
On the 1st of April the amendment to the Act on State Social Support came into force. This amendment increased the amount of birth grant on more than a double. The increase was announced less than nine months, ahead of implementation, nevertheless, the mothers behaved strategically in order to gain from that benefit. That way, the April 1 reaches on the biggest value of the adjusted relative number of births of the entire year 2006. On micro-data, I used the Regression-discontinuity design (further stated RD) and I found out on the 99% of confidence interval that 64 to 158 births were moved from the last week of Mach to the first week of April. The mothers, who had more children, were divorced or those expecting twins were most often likely to shift their childbirths. I was unable to verify my hypothesis, of children's health being in danger due to lack of observations. I also successfully point out robustness of my RD results with the help of other econometric methods.
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Analysis of smoking restriction methods efficiency
Radošťanová, Iveta ; Šíma, Josef (advisor) ; Houdek, Petr (referee)
Smoking is considered as the single greatest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore government is trying to reduce smoking by its interventions. The subject of this work is to examine the effects of governmental interventions in terms of their proclaimed and actual consequences. The criterions for our evaluations will be the impact of the intervention on the public health, state budget and social redistribution. In order to outline the situation more comprehensively we will include also uninteded consequences of governmental activities. This will serve as an additional criterion for governmental intervention evaluation. We have no ambition to find the clearly best method for reduction of smoking behavior. We will attempt to point out that there are several contradictions among proclaimed and actual consequences of governmental interventions.
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Mothers for Sale: Advantages and Disadvantages of Paid Surrogacy
Peštová, Marie ; Chalupníček, Pavel (advisor) ; Houdek, Petr (referee)
The work focuses on the issues of the market solving the human organ shortage. The market solution faces the same criticism as the commercial surrogacy. The main purpose of the work is to evaluate the commercial surrogacy system efficiency. Within the solution of this question, the work focuses first on the analysis of the arguments against a market in human organs and consequently theise objections applies to the surrogate motherhood with emphasis on the problem of adverse selection, which from an economic point of view appears to be the most serious. In the applied part the paper tests the existence of the signs of the adverse selection in the countries where payment for the surrogacy is legal. The paper leads to the conclusions, despite some specifics of the market, this solution is efficient and the market itself creates sufficient mechanisms to prevent adverse selection
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Neuroeconomics
Houdek, Petr ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
This thesis deals with current discourse whether methods of neuroscience generate useful tools for standard economics to understand, predict and ideally guide behavior of humans, social groups and the whole economies. An initial methodological analysis concluded that the usefulness of neuroeconomics is still only potential, since this approach is not able to answer substantial questions of economics in better way than tools existing. Following sections of thesis summarized representative research in the field of decision neuroscience in the areas of intertemporal decisions, decision-making under risk and uncertainty and the strategic interactions, and social preferences respectively. It has been demonstrated that many findings of decision neuroscience offer a partial confirmation of specific economic models already or provide inspiration for creating new ones.
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Finanční řízení podniku, finanční analýza podniku
Houdek, Petr ; Pavlová, Eva (advisor) ; Buřičová, Jiřina (referee)
Finanční řízení a finanční analýza jako součást finančního řízení mě zaujaly proto, že představují jednu z nejdůležitějších činností podniku. Finanční manažer či osoba odpovědná za podnikové finance musí stanovit rozpočty podniku, nalézt zdroje profinancování těchto rozpočtů, přerozdělit rozpočty a na konci finančního období přerozdělit zisk. Mým cílem při zpracování této diplomové práce je přehledně popsat činnosti finančního řízení, abych se v nich mohl lépe orientovat a mohl znalosti použít při založení a řízení vlastní firmy.
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