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Sugar solution sucking by females of blood-sucking Nematocera insect
Davídková, Tereza ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Sádlová, Jovana (referee)
The research of blood-sucking insect is important mainly because of the health aspect. In many cases, they are the carriers of a various disease. A lot of species of the Nematocera suborder feed only of sugary solutions. This food affects their behavior and their way of life. Blood-sucking insect is able to search for food with beneficial sugar content. The composition of this food affects the amount of body reserve, longevity, oviposition of eggs. These effects manifest differently with various organisms. The goal of this thesis is to summarize the knowledge of preferentially picked plants of blood-sucking females of the Nematocera suborder and to describe the affect of food sugar content on the examined insect and the pathogen transmission. Key words: blood-sucking insect, sugar feeding, Phlebotomus papatasi, Anopheles gambiae, fecundity, preferences, influence Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The development of land evaluation and their comparison on model area
Votýpka, Jan ; Šefrna, Luděk (advisor) ; Poništiak, Štefan (referee)
Land evaluation went a long way. From the beginning determine the amount of taxes, when for determining the diference in land evaluation was used simple methods, associated for example with sowing, the evaluated methods still proved on still lower levels. Today it has naturelly scientific basis and is processed for each ground in land register. The aim of the work is to describe the development of land evaluation in Czechia and try it on model location Pivkovice in South Bohemia.
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Transfer of genetic information between parasite and its host
Soukal, Petr ; Hampl, Vladimír (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is considered a rare evolutionary event. It can take place between unrelated organisms that coexist in an intimate symbiotic relationship. Such relationship have some parasites with its host. HGT between eukaryotic parasite and its host was identified in some holoparazitic and hemiparazitic plants, the most important human protozoan parasites, microsporidias, human blood-flukes, parasitoids and fruit flies.
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Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phlebotomus and development of Leishmania in vectors
Chajbullinová, Alsu ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Jirků, Miloslav (referee)
In the Mediterranean region P. neglectus is a proven vector of Leishmania infantum and P. syriacus is a probable vector. This two species belong to Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major complex. Different populations of P. neglectus and P. syriacus from localities in Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Hungary, Greece and the island of Crete, the Crimean peninsula, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel were studied by sequencing analysis of nuclear (EF-1α) and mitochondrial (Cyt b, COI) markers. This study confirmed the general concept of species distribution: P. neglectus is present in the north- central part of the Mediterranean while P. syriacus is attributed to the eastern part. A detailed observations showed a sympatric incidence of P. neglectus and P. syriacus in Turkey and Crete. Specimens retained from Crimean localities were studied with respect to previously described P. major krimensis subspecies, endemit of Crimean peninsula. Acording a mitochondrial marker (Cyt b) can be postulatet, that P. major krimensis distribution is vaster and reache into Turkey. Excepting P. neglectus and P. syriacus the presence of third distinguishable groupe of "P. cretensis "were observed in Crete. Morphometric analyses of this species show, that proper identification of these species is notoriously difficult....
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Host-parazite coevolution in aquatic environments
Hubová, Jana ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Antagonistic coevolution is a major driving force in the evolution of host and parasite. Parasites create on their host a time delay, negative frequency-dependent selection, which leads to oscillations in both genotypes of antagonists, as suggested by the Red Queen hypothesis derived for coevolution of host and parasite. The most commonly used systems for the study of host-parasite coevolution in an aquatic environment are (thanks to their features): diatom Asterionella and chytrid Zygorhizidium, aquatic snail Potamopyrgus and trematods Microphallus, water fleas Daphnia and their microparasites. Coevolution between host and parasite causes a number of phenomena, such as maintenance of genetic polymorphism, temporal oscillations of genotype frequencies, the persistence of sexual reproduction, parasite local and host adaptations. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge on the coevolution of the above-mentioned three host-parasite systems in the aquatic environment. Key words: Red Queen hypothesis, host-parasite coevolution, negative frequency-dependent selection, aquatic environments, Asterionella formosa, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Daphnia.
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Leishmania tropica in Mediterranean
Peštová, Jitka ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Sádlová, Jovana (referee)
In recent years new foci of Leishmania tropica appeared in the Mediterranean states of Northern Africa. While L. tropica was isolated from humans, dogs and sand fly species Phlebotomus sergenti in Morocco and from humans and gerbils (Gerbilus pyramidum floweri) in Egypt; in Tunisia, Algeria and Lybia the parasite was isolated from humans only. In the last three mentioned states, only L. tropica referred as Leishmania killicki is present. In most of the L. tropica foci in the Mediterranean countries of Northern Africa transmission mode was not determined. It is unknown whether the cycle of L. tropica is anthroponotic or zoonotic and what is reservoir and vector. In Morocco and Egypt, the most probable vector is P. sergenti only, while in Tunisia, Algeria and Lybia the vectors could be also P. (Paraphlebotomus) riouxi, P. (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi, P. (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri or P. (Larroussius) perniciosus. Considering the rural distribution and sporadic occurence of L. killicki cases, the parasite is presumed to have a zoonotic cycle and its reservoir host could possibly be Ctenodactylus gundi, which is relatively abundant in L. kilicki foci.
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Autogeny by phlebotomine sandflies
Pavlasová, Michaela ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Sádlová, Jovana (referee)
1 Abstract In haematophagous insect autogeny means an eggs development and ability to set first egg batch without previous blood-feeding on a host. Autogeny developed in several groups of invertebrates mainly order Diptera and more rarely orders Heteroptera and Acari. It occurs mostly as an alternative possibility of development in case of unsuitable conditions or absence of hosts. This thesis includes present findings about autogeny among subfamily Phlebotominae and families Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae and Tabanidae. The thesis focuses on factors influencing autogeny such as nutrition during larval development, geographic and genetic factors, temperature and photoperiodic aspects. The thesis is targeted mostly on sandflies, important vectors of many pathogens, and on influence of autogeny on its vectorial potential. Key words: autogeny, ovarian development, Phlebotomus, Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae
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Biting midges as vectors of infectious diseases and their distribution in CR
Galková, Zdeňka ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Tiplíci (rod Culicoides) jsou drobný krevsající hmyz (Diptera) patřící do čeledi Ceratopogonidae. Vyskytují se po celém světě a jsou známí zejména pro svůj medicínský a veterinární význam. Působí jako trapiči a přenašeči onemocnění člověka i hospodářských zvířat. V současné době představují tito dvoukřídlí aktuální problém v souvislosti s šířením onemocnění zvaném katarální horečka ovcí, působeného Bluetongue virem a přenášeného tiplíky. Toto onemocnění se od roku 2006 rozšířilo v podstatě po celé Evropě včetně ČR, kde byl první případ zaznamenán na podzim roku 2007. Na území ČR probíhá od roku 2008 monitoring přenašečů a tato práce shrnuje výsledky tohoto projektu za první dva roky. Během let 2008 a 2009 bylo odchyceno cca 200 tisíc jedinců rodu Culicoides náležící ke 31 druhům, z nichž 3 druhy nebyly doposud na území ČR zaznamenány. Dále proběhla detekce patogenů tiplíků, která u nich potvrdila výskyt jednohostitelských trypanosomatid z rodů Herpetomonas, Crithidia a Wallaceina a několika druhů vícehostitelských trypanosomatid (rod Trypanosoma). Zároveň byli v tiplících zaznamenáni zástupci parazitických červů (Mermithidae). Okrajově jsme se zaměřili i na parazity koutulí (podčeleď Psychodinae), u nichž jsme detekovali zástupce jednohostitelských trypanosomatid a parazitických nálevníků. KLÍČOVÁ...
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