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Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
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The Relationship of Hedonism and Humanism
Jerman, Ondřej ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The diploma thesis discusses the relationship between humanism and hedonism. However, its main objective is not to explain the terms in their summarized historical relatedness but to point out their internal coherence. The fundamental issue the thesis deals with is the fact that sentient beings suffer from sorrow. Enumerating the reasons why it is important to search for a solution would be a waste of our reader's time. It is necessary to understand that we don't expect empirical science to solve the problem since - despite the enthusiasm significant for this modern period - has not introduced any relief from sorrow. Here comes the opportunity for philosophy and, eventually, ethics. In its first part the thesis maps out the context of humanism and hedonism, studies their apparent as well as hidden nature, and lays the conceivable foundations of humanistic hedonism. The following section suggests a set of particular steps. Adhering to these instructions makes it possible to experience delight and to eliminate sorrow.
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Husserl's phenomenology of attention
Grimmich, Šimon ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The diploma work Husserl's phenomenology of attention systematically presents Husserl's conception of attention. The first part deals with the presentation of Husserl's static phenomenology of attention, taking into account in particular of Logical Investigations and Ideas I. The second part is devoted to genetic phenomenology of attention, which is reconstructed mainly upon Experience and Judgment and Analyses Concerning Passive and Active Synthesis. In it's conclusion the work offers other possible perspectives of investigation of the phenomenon of attention from the phenomenological positions.
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Appearing and Salvation. Subjectivity in The Material Phenomenology of Michel Henry
Černý, Jan ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee) ; Karul, Róbert (referee)
The doctoral thesis examines the possibilities of phenomenological philosophy to engage in the question of salvation in a Christian sense with reference to Michel Henry's material phenomenology. Henry's last three books signified a turn towards Christianity within his work and related the tension of two basic modes of appearing, assumed by his phenomenology, to the question of the life and death of a human. Material phenomenology strongly exposed the subjective pole of appearing and made subjectivity the stage for the story of human salvation. The thesis examines both the general concept of subjectivity in material phenomenology and the particular concept of a divine and human subject in the last three books of Michel Henry. The thesis follows the way Michel Henry creates the phenomenology of the inner- divine life; it examines the movement of a human subject from the inside of the divine life to the transcendence of the world, and then its return through the "second birth" to the divine life being displayed within itself; it enquires in what sense the divine and human subject are incarnated subjects; it demonstrates how the human subject is becoming a subject understanding the word of a divine life which speaks both within itself and in the Scripture. The thesis pays attention to the relation of a...
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Subjective body and life. An Essay on the way of thinking of Michel Henry
Jiskra, Martin ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
v anglickém jazyce: The fundamental theme of this diploma paper is the phenomenology of the body which is related to the investigation of the act of the appearing itself in the works of the French philosopher Michel Henry. The phenomenological approach of this thinker is going to be defined primarily by the confrontation with intentional phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, which in the matter of the appearance keeps itself within the bounds of the relation to the world. This classical version of the phenomenology will be compared with Henrys phenomenology of the life. The life which is understood in such a manner is invisible or unapparent because it is radically immanent and never appears in the exteriority of the world. Anyhow, the redefinition of the classical conception of the appearance should make possible access to the most important and the most interesting thing for us that is to say to subjective or transcendental body, which appears and experiences itself directly in its affective self- experience of the invisible interiority. Therefore, the subjective body is going to be described upon these grounds together with Henry as immanent being that is at the same time appearance. Thus we are going to present philosophy of Michel Henry, which is called radical phenomenology of interiority that is...
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Instrumentality of knowledge: instrumentalism in philosophy of scienc
Cvek, Boris ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.
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Intersubjectivity in the Work of Jan Patočka
Jelínková, Eliška ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
(in English): The work analyzes Patočka's conception of intersubjectivity between the doctrine of the three movements of human existence and the draft of asubjective phenomenology. Its starting point is the interpretation of human existence as movement, the key aspects of which being phenomenal corporeality, temporality, Patočka's "radicalization" of the Aristotelian conception of movement and the revision of phenomenological reflection. This interpretation results in an outline of the primary two-pole shared situation, which is later followed by an interpretation of intersubjective modalities based on the interpretation of the doctrine of the three movements, which relies mainly on the leitmotif of returning to oneself through others. The synthesizing step of the work is to consider the topic of intersubjectivity in connection with asubjective phenomenology. Its main motives are the reconstruction of an independent phenomenal sphere and a relationship to the whole. The final evaluation deals with the importance of intersubjectivity in both projects, their compatibility, and the benefits of their joint consideration.
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Theory of Concept in Philosophy of Henri Bergson
Štingl, Jakub ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): In this thesis I concentrate on theory of concepts and ideas in philosophy of Henri Bergson. He treats the problematic mainly in the third chapter of his book Matter and Memory. There he construes his theory in the spirit of his preceding theories of perception and memory that we will also have to understand first. First, he confronts two traditional philosophical approaches to the problematic, those of nominalism and conceptualism, because he recognizes that their conceptual apparatus had been appropriated by the psychological theories of his time even though it does not correspond with reality. Both these theories wrongly conceive of perception as of registration of individuals, whereas the processes of generalization and abstraction are thought by them to be executed afterwards by the intellect. To Bergson, on the other hand, generalization is present already in the uniformity of instinctive reactions of the body to various outer impulses. Besides, thanks to the presence of memory and reflection, the uniformity which was only felt during the habitual reactions can be transform into generality, and thus become a general idea. We will see that although the general ideas are created primarily for practical purposes, there exists a lot of secondary ideas, called "concepts" by Bergson...
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Revealing the animate world: Maurice Merleau-Ponty and philosophy of nature
Zeman, Daniel ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Although Merleau-Ponty did not write a book that would explicitly deal with the philosophy of nature, it is clear - thanks to the published transcripts of lectures at the College de France - that he considered this issue to be very important. A philosophy which in its anthropological and ontological concepts overlooks nature is not able to give, according to Merleau-Ponty, a realistic picture of human existence. If the philosophy of nature is not to be subordinated to metaphysics or exact science, it must be based on thinking about our physical, and therefore perceptual- emotional being in the world. Part of this interest in nature is also an interest in non-human animals who bodily inhabit the natural world and relate to it in their own way, although they may share significant biological and behavioral traits with us. In Merleau-Ponty's philosohy, the phenomenology of not only human corporeality and vitality meets with considerations of the being of nature, and the reflection of certain scientific conceptions meets with the clarification of the philosophical concept of nature.
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Subject Falling out of a Situation
Míka, Matyáš ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This work juxtaposes Michel Foucault's late thought on the issue of the subject and Jan Císař's thought on theatre as communication. Its objective is to outline the possibility to understand individual self-care as propaedeutics to the communication with others through one's own act. What follows after explaining the positions of both authors, is an analysis of the subject's situation and the subject's act from the position of Foucault's ethics and through the event nature of theatrical communication. Since Foucault's and Císař's thought does not naturally result in an integrated theatrological/philosophical concept, the final chapter presents a possible solution of the controversial issues consisting in going beyond the two concepts discussed with the help of Friedrich Nietzsche's early texts and of Ivan Vyskočil's dialogue acting.
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