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Rheological characterization of polysaccharide gels with incorporated vesicles
Kalendová, Lucie ; Smilek, Jiří (referee) ; Venerová, Tereza (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the rheological characterization of polysaccharide gels with incorporated vesicular systems. Positively charged Ion Pair Amphiphile vesicles (IPA) consisting of cetrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride and cholesterol were chosen for the incorporation. Other vesicles used for incorporation were oppositely charged liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), phosphatidic acid (PA) and cholesterol. The thesis is divided into two sections. The first one deals with preparation, characterization and stability control (temperature and time stability) of both vesicular systems by using dynamic light scattering (DLS). In this part, the vesicles’ stability was confirmed which made them perfect candidates for the following incorporation. The second part of the thesis describes the preparation and rheological characterization of selected gels. Three types of gels were prepared in total, specifically 1% and 2% gellan gum gels and 4% hyaluronic gel. All of them were studied in water, as well as in solutions of IPA vesicles or DPPC liposomes, both of same concentration (1 mmoll-). The subsequent rheological characterization including amplitude, frequency, and stress relaxation sweeps demonstrates there is no significant difference between reference gels and those containing vesicles. This indicates that vesicles used in this thesis were only freely stored in the gel networks, meaning the structure of the gels didn’t affect their transport properties. This is a significant information for using these systems in drug delivery.
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Transport of pharmaceuticals in model hydrogels
Horváth, Michal ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This thesis was devoted to the transport properties of diclofenac in model hydrogels. Gels were prepared from agarose and some were enriched with IHSS Elliott Soil humic acid. The addition of humic acid to the hydrogel should mimic the soil environment. And it was the soil environment that was chosen to observe the transport and transfer of diclofenac. Diffusion was observed in diffusion cells, where one part contained diclofenac solution and the other MQ water. And there was a hydrogel between the cells. Samples were taken from both cells and measured spectrophotometrically at different time intervals until equilibrium was established. These measurements were finally used to describe the movement of diclofenac in the hydrogels.
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Alternative crosslinking methods for sodium alginate resulting in hydrogels with suitable application properties
Kouřilová, Ludmila ; Kráčalík, Milan (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the preparation of alginate gels with the potential to influence their final application properties (transparency, syneresis, viscoelastic properties, etc.). Based on literature review, a total of three gelation strategies leading to the gelation of sodium alginate were selected, namely ionotropic gelation by external gelation method, ionotropic gelation by internal gelation method, and alginate crosslinking with phytic acid, which is capable of forming both ionic bonds and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Subsequently, the preparation of alginate gels was optimized, their mechanical properties were characterized, and finally, the influence of several factors (polymer concentration, amount of crosslinking agent, gelation time, addition of sucrose, etc.) on the resulting properties of the prepared gels was monitored. Within the scope of the thesis, it was demonstrated that the resulting properties of sodium alginate-based gels are influenced not only by the polymer concentration, the amount of crosslinking agent used, gelation rate, or syneresis, but in the case of ionotropic gelation by external gelation, for example, also by the type of anion used. An interesting part of the thesis is also the optimization of determining the mechanical properties of alginate gels through compression tests. During these tests, the sample is compressed between two rheometer sensors, and the mechanical response of sample to the applied force is measured. It is one of the most easily conceivable rheometric tests.
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Optimization of hydrogel carrier for assessment of antimicrobial activity of biocidal surfaces
Antálek, Adam ; Jančovičová, Viera (referee) ; Králová, Marcela (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of the composition and properties of hydrogels as carriers of microbial populations for the evaluation of the antimicrobial effects. There are standardized procedures for assessing antimicrobial surfaces, but they have shortcomings, such as the necessity of testing exclusively under laboratory conditions. In the presented work, a new evaluation methodology is proposed, which utilizes a modified resazurin test and hydrogels as platforms for bacterial seeding, enabling the assessment of the investigated antimicrobial surface. The composition and properties of hydrogel carriers were successfully optimized with respect to their swelling and mechanical properties, thereby improving recovery compared to standardized procedures. Tests on antimicrobial materials showed that the bacteria used on hydrogels continued to grow, rendering the use of composite hydrogels for this application impractical.
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Micro/macro-scale investigation of the viscoelastic properties of hydrogel materials
Obrusníková, Klára ; Pekař, Miloslav (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
Tato diplomová diplomová práce byla zaměřená na srovnání mezi mikroreologickými metodami a makroreologickým přístupem, zejména při charakterizaci hydrogelů. Dynamický rozptyl světla, fluorescenční korelační spektroskopie a optická pinzeta byly vybrány jako mikroreologické techniky, zatímco oscilační reometrie sloužila jako makroreologický nástroj. Výsledky z dynamického rozptylu světla a fluorescenční korelační spektroskopie pro hydrogely agarózy a gellanu byly porovnány s reometrií a mezi sebou. Hodnoty viskoelastických modulů získané z mikroreologických měření byly výrazně nižší než ty získané pomocí makroreologie. Jak dynamický rozptyl světla, tak fluorescenční korelační spektroskopie nabízejí širší škálu měřitelných frekvencí než reometrie, ale obě metody mají své limitace při charakterizaci hydrogelů. U dynamického rozptylu světla dochází k odrazu světla od gelové sítě, což způsobuje šum a zhoršuje kvalitu získaných výsledků. Fluorescenční korelační spektroskopie, přes svou vyšší specifitu, vykazuje jen velmi malé rozdíly mezi vzorky různých koncentrací. Optická pinzeta je na Fakultě chemické novou metodou, a byla provedena pouze kalibrační měření. Tuhost optické pasti, důležitá hodnota pro kalibraci optické pinzety, byla stanovena pro roztoky glycerolu.
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Controlled modification of tips usable for selected measurement modes of atomic force microscopy
Lišková, Kateřina ; Szabová, Jana (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with the modification of tips commonly used in atomic force microscopy and their following utilization for determining the mechanical properties of selected hydrogel systems at the local level. For targeted modification, a method of micro-particle fixation on a cantilever was chosen, which was successfully modified using melamine resin particles. Initially, the mechanical properties of a selected representative of physically cross-linked hydrogels (agarose polysaccharide) were measured, which were evaluated based on the Young's modulus of elasticity, adhesive force, and work. The obtained results were compared with values measured using two commercially available cantilevers differing in both shape and basic parameters such as spring constant and resonance frequency. Subsequently, the influence of the setpoint force applied to the sample by the cantilever was verified. The usability of modified cantilevers was also tested on a selected representative of ionically cross-linked hydrogels (sodium alginate cross-linked with multivalent ions). Within the experimental part of the master's thesis, it was verified that the use of cantilevers with a higher contact area leads to more reliable results in terms of reliability and reproducibility, considering that the final value of the Young's modulus includes not only the contribution of the polymer chain but also the pores. When determining mechanical values, it is important to specify not only the cantilever used and its properties but also all other experimental parameters, the change of which may affect the final values of the Young's modulus determined at the micro level by atomic force microscopy.
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Effect of enzymes on the degradation of thermosensitive copolymers for controlled release of drugs
Dávidíková, Anna Mária ; Michlovská, Lenka (referee) ; Vojtová, Lucy (advisor)
Termocitlivé hydrogély, ktoré sa používajú ako nosiče liečiv v dnešnej dobe zažívajú obrovský záujem v spoločnosti. Používajú sa ako spôsob dopravy liečiva na predom určené miesto a po dosiahnutí určeného miesta slúžia ako dlhodobé úložisko liečiv v tele. Vlastnosti hydrogélov môžu byť upravované tak, aby dokázali naviazať rôzne druhy liečiv, aby boli citlivé na rôzne vonkajšie impulzy a aby degradovali pomalšie, čo predĺži životnosť liečiv v tele. Aby sme vedeli, ako upraviť vlastnosti hydrogélov a ako sa budú správať, musíme poznať ich degradačný proces a chovanie v rôznych degradačných médiách. Práve preto sú degradačné štúdie veľmi dôležitou súčasťou štúdií hydrogélov. Táto bakalárska práca je zameraná na sledovanie degradácie rôznych roztokov termocitlivého hydrogélu vo viacerých degradačných médiách. Teoretická časť práce zahrňuje krátky prehľad o tom, čo sú to termocitlivé hydrogély, ich charakterizácia a popis vlastností spolu s použitím hydrogélov ako nosičov liečiv. Ďalej sa teoretická časť venuje degradácií hydrogélov celkovo ako aj degradácií konkrétne použitého hydrogélu v tejto bakalárskej práci. V prvom rade bol syntetizovaný živou polymeráciou za otváraním kruhu v inertnej atmosfére termocitlivý PLGA-PEG-PLGA kopolymér, tvorený poly(mliečnou-co-glykolovou kyselinou)-b-poly(ethylen glykolom)-b-poly(mliečnou-co-glykolovou kyselinou). Následne bol kopolymér charakterizovaný na protónovej nukleárnej magnetickej rezonancii a na gélovej chromatografii. Z nasyntetizovaného kopolyméru boli pripravené tri vodné roztoky hydrogélu o rôznych koncentráciách a to 10, 15 a 20 hm %. Vzorky pripravených hydrogélov za teploty 37 , boli degradované v rôznych degradačných roztokoch (UPW (ultra čistá voda), NaCl, PBS (fosfátový pufr) a roztok PBS s enzýmom). Degradačná štúdia bola hlavným cieľom tejto bakalárskej práce. Jednotlivé vzorky boli odobrané v konkrétne stanovené časy a to po 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, 23 a 30 dňoch. Pri vzorkách s enzýmom bola predpokladaná rýchlejšia degradácia vzoriek, tak tieto odbery boli nastavené po 1, 2 a 3 dňoch. Ďalším cieľom tejto práce bola analýza odobraných vzoriek hydrogélov po degradácií na gélovej chromatografii a analýza degradačných médií na kvapalinovej chromatografií s hmotnostným spektrometrom. Počas degradácie vzoriek bola prevedená taktiež gravimetrická analýza a pri odoberaní degradačných roztokov bolo merané ich pH. Následne boli všetky získané dáta vyhodnotené a bolo sledované, či enzým urýchľuje PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrolytickú degradačnú kinetiku. Výsledky poukazujú na to, že enzým má nízky vplyv na rýchlosť degradácie. Výsledky tejto práce poslúžia ako základy pre budúce degradačné štúdie.
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Interactions of pharmaceuticals with humic substances in model hydrogels
Fleischhackerová, Claudia ; Krouská, Jitka (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis is focused on the study of drug diffusion in humic acid hydrogels. The instantaneous surface source diffusion method was used for this study. This method was based on the observation of emerging diffusion profiles of drugs which diffused in the humic gel at certain time intervals. Then, this method was used to determine the diffusion coefficients of the drugs used in the gels. The main aim of the experimental part was to study the influence of the interaction of drugs with humic acids that diffused through the humic gel. Two drugs were used as a diffusing medium, i.e. ibuprofen and tetracycline. They are pharmaceuticals, the consumption has been increasing in humans and animals in recent years, that's why they are often detected in the environment. The concentration profile of these drugs in humic acid hydrogels was determined by UV–VIS spectrometry.
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Application of microencapsulation techniques in development of novel controlled-release systems.
Karásková, Iva ; Mravec, Filip (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with application of microencapsulation techniques in development of hydrogel controlled-release systems in which the main role is played by humic acids, biopolymer chitosan, compound fertilizer NPK and 3-indoleacetic acid. This paper continues my bachelor thesis topic about utilization of polyelectrolyte complexes. The aim of this work was to develop a literature review focusing on the microencapsulation techniques and according to its results optimize the method. Microencapsulation was performed with a commercial encapsulator BUSCHI B-395 Pro and a release of individual components into a water was measured. An amout of released substances was measured by UV-VIS method and HPLC analysis. Practical part also included testing of repeated swelling and drying. It was found that suitable composition and combination of ingredients form hydrogels for further use in agriculture.
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Reactivity-mapping studies on biopolymers in hydrogel forms
Smilek, Jiří ; Kislinger, Jiří (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the study of interactions between biopolymers and model probes in a hydrogel media utilizing diffusion processes. The main aim was to test and to optimize selected combination of diffusion methods (diffusion cells and unsteady diffusion) in study of interactions between biopolymers and organic dyes. Anionic (humic acids) and cationic (chitosan) representatives of biopolymers were utilized and methylene blue and methylene orange were used as a reactivity probe in the case of humic acids and chitosan, respectively. Another appreciable part of the work is represented by in-depth characterization of applied biopolymers and hydrogel samples by a wide range of analytical and physico-chemical methods (rheometry, UV-VIS, FT-IR etc.). Besides particular experimental results on studied systems, the diploma thesis provides both theoretical and practical background for subsequent applications of the innovative and full-automated method for reactivity mapping of biopolymers.
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