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Metronidazole resistence in clinical cases of giardiasis.
Perglerová, Aneta ; Tůmová, Pavla (advisor) ; Uzlíková, Magdalena (referee)
Metronidazole (MTZ) targets a spectrum of anaerobic pathogens ranging from bacteria to eukaryotic parasites, including the protist Giardia intestinalis (Metamonada). Despite the long time and widespread use of MTZ, understanding giardiasis treatment failure (G-TF) is incomplete. Most of the knowledge was gained on laboratory-generated resistant lines or on clinical lines without data on the treatment outcome. In cooperation with Bulovka University Hospital in Prague, 70 giardiasis cases were followed between 2020-2023, of which 25.7% exhibited the G-TF. Giardia genotyping revealed that G-TF cases belonged to the same genetic group (assemblage B, mainly BIII); and G-TF cases were all imported, out of which 60% were from returning travellers from India. To test the hypothesis that resistance is genetically determined/associated with a transmissible genotype, genetic polymorphisms shared in Giardia G-TF samples in a set of genes involved in MTZ metabolism and detoxifications (NR1, NR2, prx1, hmp) were examined. The analysis revealed amino acid substitutions (K42E, K139R) in NR2 isolates of G-TF patients, which might affect protein structure. Also, a gene dosage effect as drug resistance co-variant/cause due to gene duplications or deletions of the hmp gene was tested. Results from dPCR revealed that...
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Molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Giardia intestinalis populations from pets.
Hammerbauerová, Iva ; Tůmová, Pavla (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Giardia intestinalis is a single-celled intestinal parasite infecting humans and animals. The species is divided into eight genetic groups, assemblages, with different host specificity. Stool samples from 99 dogs, 61 cats and 22 chinchillas were examined for the presence of Giardia using microscopy and PCR diagnostics. The found populations were assigned to assemblages using a multi-locus genotyping scheme, with the goal of mapping the occurrence of zoonotic assemblages A and B and evaluating the risk of transmission of Giardia from pets to humans. The Giardia prevalence in examined dogs was 36,4%. The majority of dog infections was caused by dog-specific assemblages D and C. Individual cases of infection with assemblage F, or a mix of assemblages A+D, A+F, B+D, C+D and D+F were also detected. The prevalence in cats was 14.8%, and the dog assemblages C and D prevailed as well. In individual cases, cats were infected with assemblages A or F, which is specific for cats. The highest prevalence, 85.7%, was detected in chinchillas. The majority of chinchilla infections was caused by the zoonotic assemblage B (88.9%). The found sequences were compared to those obtained from animals with clinical giardiasis, but no identical matches were found between these two pools. The nature of mixed infections was studied by...
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Invasion of the host cell by the parasitic protist Plasmodium falciparum.
Charvátová, Klára ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Tůmová, Pavla (referee)
Plasmodium falciparum is an intracellular parasite that causes tropical malaria. Although plasmodium is not a problem in the middle latitudes, in tropical and subtropical regions it poses a great health threat. This specifically concerns little children, which constitute more than a half of the victims. This thesis discusses the invasion of the red blood cell by a merozoite, which is a key step of the parasite life cycle responsible for the disease development. The main part of the thesis deals with proteins secreted by organelles of the invasive apparatus of plasmodium cell. It is preceded by a chapter introducing basic information on P. falciparum and malaria. The end of the thesis contains a chapter on the parasite exit from the red blood cell. Key words Invasion, plasmodium, parasite, merozoite, red blood cell, tight junction, gliding motility, apical complex, micronemes, rhoptries
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Virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica
Novotná, Monika ; Tachezy, Jan (advisor) ; Tůmová, Pavla (referee)
The parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal disease called amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery), which is one of the most significant diseases worldwide, mainly in developing countries. The goal of this bachelor thesis is to summarize current knowledge about virulence factors of E. histolytica. It is primarly focused on adhesive lectin Gal/GalNAc, cysteine proteases, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, amoebapore forming pores in the membranes of the target cells and trogocytosis. Keywords: virulence factors, Entamoeba histolytica, parasite, protist, amoebiasis, lectin Gal/GalNAc, cysteine proteinase, phagocytosis, trogocytosis, amoebapore
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Proteome of the encystation-specific vesicles in Giardia intestinalis.
Marková, Lenka ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Tůmová, Pavla (referee)
The process of encystation is a vital and important part of life cycles of many organisms. One of them is Giardia intestinalis, a significant single cell parasite of vertebrates, including man. During the process of encystation there are unusual organelles, called encystation vesicles. These serve to accumulate material for the future cyst wall. The main proteins found in encystation vesicles that compose the cyst wall, are CWP1, CWP2 and CWP3. This work is focused on these proteins. The structure and properties of these proteins were used to study the main aim of this work, that is the identification of other proteins associated with the encystation vesicles. In the experimental part, a system was created, that allows targeted characterization of proteins and cell compartments, by utilization of biotin ligase of Escherichia coli. For this systém, we created specific constructs, that were successfully inserted into plasmids and into G. intestinalis cells. For the intention of cloning, a method of direct site mutagenesis was optimalized. The expression of chosen proteins was detected successfully during the in vitro encystation. Aside, it was proven that CWP1 forms complexes with an unknown protein. This work relates the composition of cyst wall of G. intestinalis with other components identified in...
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Intergenerational transmission of social status
Tůmová, Pavla ; Mazouch, Petr (advisor) ; Nývlt, Ondřej (referee)
My diploma thesis is based on data from Survey on income and living conditions 2011 from ad hoc module on intergenerational disadvantages. The study investigates the transmission of social status from one generation to another. The diploma thesis includes descriptive statistics and data analysis. The main goal is to determine the dependency of socio-economic variables on social status transmission. To examine the strength of transmission of social status (education and occupation) logistic regression was used. In the analysis are respondents in the age 30 -- 60 years old, who lived at least with one of their parents. Due to a large number of respondents dataset enables detailed separation to groups by age groups, education level etc. followed by differences comparison between defined groups. Using the wage mechanism data are representative for population structure of Czech Republic.
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Comparison of statistical software for demographical data analysis
Tůmová, Pavla ; Löster, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (referee)
The objective of this thesis is to point out to possibilities of how to process demographic data using several statistical software systems. Programs with different approach to data processing and analysis have been chosen on purpose. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first one is theoretical. Terms and methods that have been used in the thesis are explained here and there is also an introduction to the Microsoft Office Excel, SAS and Matlab software. Second part maps sources of demographic data, attends to data formats and explains their usage and advantages. In the third part, selected tasks that are likely to encounter in demography are presented. They have been chosen so that they examine the programs from various views such as transparency, range of choice of statistical functions, ability to create graphical outputs etc. A general procedure, evaluation, output comments and own code implementation (if the functions are not integrated) are introduced for each of the tasks. In my thesis I focused mostly on the question of choosing proper software for demographic data analysis.
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Home violence in regard of justice
TŮMOVÁ, Pavla
I occupy myself by probléme of home violence in terms of law in my diploma theses. Home violence is abuse of positron and power by one family member. It is concerned with partner abuse which is currently happening more frequently than ever especially because of a fact that it is not just private matter but it is a public indirect problem leading to an endangering of community as a whole. For these reasonslegal regulations about protection against home violence came info effect to help to home violence victims. This law can be divided into three main points {--} expulsion and role of policy, decision about preliminary legal measures and helpl to victims by means of intervention centres. These points are ligotal in my diploma theses which stall be conceived as a handbook for victims or instruction with an explanation howto behave dutiny these situations and who to apply for adice. The aim of my work is to create a komplex summary about probléme of home violence which will be a guide together with adviser not only for victims but also for helping profession.
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