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Evoluionary dynamics of NORs in pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)
Šilhavá, Alena ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
From the karyological point of view, pseudoscorpions are still a little known organisms. Until now, karyotypes of only 61 species from eight families were described, while the distribution of the nucleolar organizers is only known from a single species. Pseudoscorpions' karyotypes exhibit considerable variability in diplopid number and in morphology of the chromosomes, and, as this thesis presents, a large variability in the number and position of NORs. The diploid number in pseudoscorpions ranges from seven to 143. In this study, 68 species from 19 families were analyzed, of which karyotypes of nine families are described here for the first time. In other four previously studied families, the ranges of diploid numbers were extended. For the detection of 18S rDNA clusters, we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to localize NORs. Apparently the number of 18S rDNA clusters can change very dynamicaly in some Gross (e.g. one to nine pairs in Chthoniidae). Furthermore, I observed variability in the position of detected clusters, which were often found terminally on chromosomes; a position considered ancestral for arachnids. The changes in number and position of 18S rDNA clusters of the analyzed taxa could, in some cases, be related to the hypothetical chromosomal rearrangements. The most...
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Karyotype differentiation of the harvestmen belonging to the subroder Laniatores from South Africa
Marešová, Alexandra ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
Current cytogenetic knowledge of the suborder Laniatores is only known for 11 species from South and North America. This study presents the first cytogenetic analyses of South African families Biantidae and Triaenonychidae which belong to the most diverse suborder of harvestmen. After analyzing the karyotype, variability in the diploid chromosome number was found, with Biantidae having 2n = 38-52 and Triaenonychidae having 2n = 28-64. Variability was also observed in the morphology of chromosomes. While both families predominantly exhibit bi-armed chromosomes, individual species show different representations of various morphological types. In addition to basic cytogenetic analyses, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed, revealing variability in the number and location of gene clusters for 18S rRNA. Using this method, the telomeric motif (TTAGG)n was also localized, which was present only at the ends of chromosomes in all analyzed species from both families. Key words: cytogenetics, harvestmen, Laniatores, FISH, 18S rRNA, karyotype variability
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Archaeogenetics in frog's phylogenetics
Teliščaková, Martina ; Symonová, Radka (advisor) ; Majtánová, Zuzana (referee)
Key words: Archaeogenetics, palaeogenetics, molecular palaeontology, phylogeny of frog's, molecular evolution, Anura, zooarchaeology The first part of my thesis deals with archaeogenetic research issues. There are described history and important moments when the archaeogenetic mehtods were applied. It is concerned with options that archaeogenetics has and restrictions that limit its research. It also focuses on possibilities of contamination of fossil materials and aDNA degradation. You will be familiarized with its chemical properties and the second part of this work deals with molecular evolution of sequence DNA. A search follows this part. It describes archaeogenetics methods provided that they help to clarify the phylogenetics of lower vertebrates, especially the phylogeny of Frogs (Palaeobatrachus, Pipa). I pointed out the present state of knowledge of frog's archaeogentics using archaeological research findings.
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanids (Squamata: Iguanidae sensu lato)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
Iguanids are greatly diversed group of squamate reptiles (Reptilia, Squamata). Although there were many phylogenetical studies made, the relationships among main lineages are still unclear. In cytogenetical point of view is this group relatively conservative. In three species-rich genus only, the diversity of karyotypes is relatively considerable: Anolis, Liolaemus a Sceloporus. Diploid chromosome number varies between 19 and 48. Ancestral karyotype is defined as 2n=36, with 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Morphologically the macrochromosomes are mostly metacentric, rarely acrocentric or telocentric. In karyotype evolution Robertsonian rearrangements dominate apparently, where number of chromosome arms is preserved. Interspecific variability or variability between populations were observed. Sex seems to be determined by genotype for whole group (GSD). Across the group probably attended conditionally to multiple differentiation of sex chromosomes. In 75 of 219 caryotyped were detected XX/XY type of sex chromosomes or derived multiple sex system X 1X 1X 2X 2/X 1X 2Y. The transition from multiple sex chromosomes back to XX/XY type was observed in one species. Chromosome Y shows morphological variability in size and shape, from microchromosom to huge metacentric macrochromosom. Homology of sex...
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Microanatomy and cytogenetics of non-marine ostracods-an insight into evolutionary biology of their reproductive modes
Symonová, Radka ; Smrž, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Keyser, Dietmar (referee) ; Weyda, František (referee)
SUMMARYOF THEPh.D.THESIS The main objectivesof this dissertationwere to contributeto generarunderstandingand to fill some major gaps in our knowledgeof ostracodbiology.Ostracodsareotherwisea very well exploredgroup of crusta-cea :f ff:#'1"'';i,:T*"ortneirooosfil;I"TilffJ:,X'H::':;:: reconstructions,tn,..Lll?,1',i#r:T::il ff: "t"" usedinpataeoecorogicar knownabouthepatopancreasandnothins "oor,,Jl1ll,f"filH, ]i:.ffil:Further,there is no properdescriptionof the com ;':il'i:?l,Tll;l':*'*'ornsemnaton*":fflilli::fi:ff H*::: onryavairabledata on ,lxisted concerningthe karyologyof freshwaterostracods.rhe with exceptionssome 'eshwater ostracodkaryologycamefrom the i930s to 1950s *#jli:.:.,:ru$"::lt:_,:ri::1,i:iJ.["::.13[*:Nonetheress,tn"r"n,nn,lTi"""t"t"iffil]ogenetic remaleshadbeen*,*o "*.contextortheirreproduJtivemodesremaine;-;il::*o:nfoTl.."l';n";;u"''",n"For these reasons, ostracod microanatomyand cytogeneticsin rerationto theevotutionarybiologyof theirreproductiu",o0". *"of this thesis.Moreouer,other topicsreratedto ,n",'t" 'nu"tt'n"ted in the framework also taken into account. -r;J;._:::,:: tn"'t reproductionbiorogyhad been manipu,atorsinoucinsparililj:"gnJfl:ffi:nTffi:i1"J:fi#["il:obtainedby microscopicanatysisof the FRO in liduring holotomographic Investigation of cretac tng animals has been utilized...
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Evoluionary dynamics of NORs in pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)
Šilhavá, Alena ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
From the karyological point of view, pseudoscorpions are still a little known organisms. Until now, karyotypes of only 61 species from eight families were described, while the distribution of the nucleolar organizers is only known from a single species. Pseudoscorpions' karyotypes exhibit considerable variability in diplopid number and in morphology of the chromosomes, and, as this thesis presents, a large variability in the number and position of NORs. The diploid number in pseudoscorpions ranges from seven to 143. In this study, 68 species from 19 families were analyzed, of which karyotypes of nine families are described here for the first time. In other four previously studied families, the ranges of diploid numbers were extended. For the detection of 18S rDNA clusters, we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to localize NORs. Apparently the number of 18S rDNA clusters can change very dynamicaly in some Gross (e.g. one to nine pairs in Chthoniidae). Furthermore, I observed variability in the position of detected clusters, which were often found terminally on chromosomes; a position considered ancestral for arachnids. The changes in number and position of 18S rDNA clusters of the analyzed taxa could, in some cases, be related to the hypothetical chromosomal rearrangements. The most...
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Karyotype variability of harvestmen from Nemastomatidae family (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Alaverdyan, Argam ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
This master's thesis is focused on cytogenetic analysis and karyotype variability of the Nemastomatidae family. This family comprises morphologically uniform harvestmen of small sizes, with low mobility, and with center of distribution in Europe. Karyotype differences could play an important role for detection of cryptic diversity in this family. The karyotype analysis is focused mainly on Alpine and Pyrenean endemic species but also on other taxons located in Central Europe. The goal was not only to identify the differences which occur between the specific genera and species, but also eventually between populations. For detection of the specific chromosomal alterations in evolution of the karyotype in Nemastomatidae the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used, localizing the positions and amounts of gene clusters for 18S rRNA. From the results we can assume that the number of chromosomes in the family Nemastomatidae can range between 2n = 12- 30. Further it was found out that in Nemastomatidae the biarmed chromosomes are more prevalent, and that the species which have lower amounts of chromosomes contain chromosomes that noticeably differ in size (probably because of chromosomal fusions). These results indicate that with some morphologically uniform species, the knowledge of specific...
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Microanatomy and cytogenetics of non-marine ostracods-an insight into evolutionary biology of their reproductive modes
Symonová, Radka ; Smrž, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Keyser, Dietmar (referee) ; Weyda, František (referee)
SUMMARYOF THEPh.D.THESIS The main objectivesof this dissertationwere to contributeto generarunderstandingand to fill some major gaps in our knowledgeof ostracodbiology.Ostracodsareotherwisea very well exploredgroup of crusta-cea :f ff:#'1"'';i,:T*"ortneirooosfil;I"TilffJ:,X'H::':;:: reconstructions,tn,..Lll?,1',i#r:T::il ff: "t"" usedinpataeoecorogicar knownabouthepatopancreasandnothins "oor,,Jl1ll,f"filH, ]i:.ffil:Further,there is no properdescriptionof the com ;':il'i:?l,Tll;l':*'*'ornsemnaton*":fflilli::fi:ff H*::: onryavairabledata on ,lxisted concerningthe karyologyof freshwaterostracods.rhe with exceptionssome 'eshwater ostracodkaryologycamefrom the i930s to 1950s *#jli:.:.,:ru$"::lt:_,:ri::1,i:iJ.["::.13[*:Nonetheress,tn"r"n,nn,lTi"""t"t"iffil]ogenetic remaleshadbeen*,*o "*.contextortheirreproduJtivemodesremaine;-;il::*o:nfoTl.."l';n";;u"''",n"For these reasons, ostracod microanatomyand cytogeneticsin rerationto theevotutionarybiologyof theirreproductiu",o0". *"of this thesis.Moreouer,other topicsreratedto ,n",'t" 'nu"tt'n"ted in the framework also taken into account. -r;J;._:::,:: tn"'t reproductionbiorogyhad been manipu,atorsinoucinsparililj:"gnJfl:ffi:nTffi:i1"J:fi#["il:obtainedby microscopicanatysisof the FRO in liduring holotomographic Investigation of cretac tng animals has been utilized...
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanids (Squamata: Iguanidae sensu lato)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
Iguanids are greatly diversed group of squamate reptiles (Reptilia, Squamata). Although there were many phylogenetical studies made, the relationships among main lineages are still unclear. In cytogenetical point of view is this group relatively conservative. In three species-rich genus only, the diversity of karyotypes is relatively considerable: Anolis, Liolaemus a Sceloporus. Diploid chromosome number varies between 19 and 48. Ancestral karyotype is defined as 2n=36, with 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Morphologically the macrochromosomes are mostly metacentric, rarely acrocentric or telocentric. In karyotype evolution Robertsonian rearrangements dominate apparently, where number of chromosome arms is preserved. Interspecific variability or variability between populations were observed. Sex seems to be determined by genotype for whole group (GSD). Across the group probably attended conditionally to multiple differentiation of sex chromosomes. In 75 of 219 caryotyped were detected XX/XY type of sex chromosomes or derived multiple sex system X 1X 1X 2X 2/X 1X 2Y. The transition from multiple sex chromosomes back to XX/XY type was observed in one species. Chromosome Y shows morphological variability in size and shape, from microchromosom to huge metacentric macrochromosom. Homology of sex...
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Archaeogenetics in frog's phylogenetics
Teliščaková, Martina ; Symonová, Radka (advisor) ; Majtánová, Zuzana (referee)
Key words: Archaeogenetics, palaeogenetics, molecular palaeontology, phylogeny of frog's, molecular evolution, Anura, zooarchaeology The first part of my thesis deals with archaeogenetic research issues. There are described history and important moments when the archaeogenetic mehtods were applied. It is concerned with options that archaeogenetics has and restrictions that limit its research. It also focuses on possibilities of contamination of fossil materials and aDNA degradation. You will be familiarized with its chemical properties and the second part of this work deals with molecular evolution of sequence DNA. A search follows this part. It describes archaeogenetics methods provided that they help to clarify the phylogenetics of lower vertebrates, especially the phylogeny of Frogs (Palaeobatrachus, Pipa). I pointed out the present state of knowledge of frog's archaeogentics using archaeological research findings.
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