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Emerging Threats to Space Security and Protection of Space Assets
Pražák, Jakub ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Střítecký, Vít (referee) ; Hays, Peter Lang (referee)
The dissertation entitled "Emerging Threats to Space Security and Protection of Space Assets" introduces outer space as an important strategic domain with undisputable significance for the present and future of humankind. Despite the specific features of space environment, it explains that the outer space domain is not entirely divergent from traditional terrestrial domains and space-provided services are part of everyday life. The dissertation discusses and analyses the threats to space security and proposes countermeasures to mitigate the negative consequences on the space environment and for human activities beyond the borders of Earth, contributing to the spacepower theory and shaping the approach to outer space as an economic and political area. The dissertation illustrates the complexity of space threats and urges they be resolved. The theoretical framework is based on realist assumptions; however, it broadly acknowledges the different roles of various space stakeholders, resulting in an eclectic approach to space relations. Accordingly, the dissertation elaborates on dynamics and interconnections between space actors and outlines the prospects for future cooperation that is vital for preserving the space environment.
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Old Space vs New Space: New Players between Space Economy and Space Warfare
Maraglino, Virginia ; Pražák, Jakub (advisor) ; Nikolić, Luka (referee)
As NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) stated in 2019, a dramatic growth in the use of space's destructive and constructive potential has attracted attention to space as an operational domain (Doboš, 2022). Due to the wide range of services that satellites in orbit provide, it is possible that in the unusual case of war, the destruction of one of a nation's satellites may have a severe impact on the state's performance generally, not just during that particular situation. Unfortunately, geopolitical processes did not sufficiently support the establishment of an international and nationals' framework appropriate for the developing field of space, particularly in terms of security. The inflow of various new private players, whose importance is rapidly growing, is what brought this dissertation to light. There are more prospects for collaboration and commerce as more parties, state and non-states actors, enter the global space market, but this expansion also raises worries, particularly when it comes to the introduction of new technologies that are frequently employed not only for civil purposes but military as well. This thesis will examine the role of private space enterprises in the context of the War in Ukraine, which highlighted the growing strategic relevance of private players,...
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Tackling Cybersecurity Threats to the EU Space Programme: Regional and International Cooperation
Janovská, Michaela ; Pražák, Jakub (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
Cyber-attacks to various sectors have been on the rise over the past decade, and the EU space programme is not exempt to these. Due to many European industries and sectors relying heavily on space-enabled systems, maintaining the security and availability of EU space is key for the proper function and prosperity of the EU and its competitiveness. With the emergence of New Space, space-based systems are becoming more connected to the internet, creating more vulnerabilities which can be exploited by cyber-attackers. However, space-based objects are not the only segment of the EU space programme that are vulnerable to exploitation. Space cybersecurity has not been on the forefront of researcher's focus, until now. The past decade has shown a shift in attention towards the issue of space cybersecurity, but this mainly focuses outside of the EU. This research aims to find out how cyber threats to the EU space programme have evolved throughout the past decade and how they have been tackled within the EU. Regional and international cooperation on the matters of space cybersecurity of the EU space programme will be explored through the optic of identity building through shared threat. Research interviews with experts from the field of EU space programme cybersecurity shed light on the current situation,...
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Možnosti využití vyhnilých kalů z městské čistírny k pyrolýze a jejich použití v sorpčních procesech na příkladu kyseliny šťavelové
PRAŽÁK, Jakub
This diploma thesis is focused on sludge management of waste water treatment plants. The research part of the thesis outlines the problems of sludge management in the Czech Republic and also deals with technologies and technical solutions related to the treatment and handling of sewage sludge for various purposes. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes the function of urban wastewater treatment plants and technological methods of wastewater treatment. I also focus on energy utilization of sewage sludge in pyrolysis processes. The result of these pyrolysis processes is called Biochar. Biochar is a carbon thick solid that arises from the pyrolysis of organic materials for application to soil and other uses such as biofuels. The carbon that remains in the solid forms stable aromatic structures that are more resistant to degradation in the natural environment. The mineral ash content of the original organic materials is preserved in the biochart and the volatile constituents of the raw material are lost during the pyrolysis process. In the second part of the work, the prepared and modified samples of the biochar are subjected to the determination of the sorption properties in order to determine whether the biochar is able to transfer the nutrients contained in it to the soil. If the biochar were able to transfer nutrients to the soil without any undesirable side effects, it could very much solve the problem of its future storage.
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Strategies of actors involved in space race
Brabcová, Karolína ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Pražák, Jakub (referee)
The master thesis entitled Strategies of actors involved in space race aims to answer the question of what the strategies of selected space actors for the present and the near future are, and in what these goals can we predict cooperation or competition. Furthermore, the work examines in which directions the strategies of the actors are declining, what is the possible success rate and in which areas of space policy the actors should further develop. The work is structured into four chapters, which present the specific current and future goals of selected state space actors (USA, ESA, Russia, China, India, Japan) and commercial space actors. The strategic goals are analysed and compared from primary available official sources and put into practice within the list of main areas of interest and specific space missions. The main issues of space activities influencing current and future space policy are also defined here.
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Position of space private sector in China and USA
Nodesová, Markéta ; Pražák, Jakub (advisor) ; Tesař, Jakub (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the differences in approach of liberal-democratic regimes and authoritative regimes in relation to the private space sector in terms of the long-term sustainability of each approach, in the cases of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America as representatives of these regimes. The aim of the thesis is to find out the relationship of the cases to the private space sector from the beginning of the "New Space" era to the present day. "New Space" represents the rise of commercial actors and private companies who intend to use the space for commercial gain. This "New Space" ecosystem forms new relationships between countries and private actors, which also leads to changes in national space programs. While states maintain their leading position in the space domain, they are increasingly linked to the "New Space" actors. However, the state-private sector relationship differs depending on the regime in which the country operates. In the first part of my thesis, I describe the principles of both examined regimes and set out the basic conditions for the long- term sustainability of the private space sector according to Mahan's theory. I also assessed the astropolitics of space, including the astropolitics of China and the USA. Subsequently, I focused on...
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Weaponization of Outer Space: Double-Edged Blade of Dual-Use Technology
Pražák, Jakub ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Hynek, Nikola (referee)
The thesis considered the feasibility of space warfare with an emphasis on the malicious potential of dual-use technology. I have described the orbital principles and set the presumptions of space warfare and the principles for space warfare strategy, introduced dual- use technology and its connections to space weapons, elaborated on existing counterspace capabilities and its impact, described the challenges for space warfare and evaluated the utilization of dual-use technology as space weapons. I have reached the conclusion that current space technology does not allow to lead extensive space warfare. However, counterspace technology is mature enough for the conduct of destructive space operations and states are encouraged to proliferate advanced offensive counterspace capabilities that are not sufficiently addressed and bounded to international law. Though, despite it seems space warfare is unlikely, the growing tensions of state space actors and rapid development of new technology that is currently mostly driven by the commercial actors may soon change the situation. Potentially destructive dual-use technology may then increase the risk and probability of space warfare. The thesis proposed several options of potentially destructive dual-technology technology that could be turned into space weapons.
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Contemporary Challenges of Space Debris Removal: Overview and Outlook
Vojáková, Eliška ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Pražák, Jakub (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies Department of International Security Studies Contemporary Challenges of Space Debris Removal: Overview and Outlook Abstract in English Author: Eliška Vojáková Study programme: Security Studies Supervisor: Mgr. Bohumil Doboš, Ph.D. Year of the defence: 2021 Abstract The sustainability of the outer space environment is necessary for all actors to execute all existing and future human space operations safely. While the severe negative consequences of the uncontrolled space debris population are not new, government agencies and intergovernmental organizations' initiatives to lessen the predicament continue to be insufficient. Scientific research and simulation models show that mere mitigation measures cannot stop the ongoing degradation of the outer space environment polluted from the past space missions. Instead, research supports the development of space projects designed with a primary objective to remove debris from space. National administrations attempt to cooperate at the international level to formulate uniform debris mitigation standards and hold each other mutually accountable for worsening the space debris situation. However, joint public international missions to actively remove debris remain unthinkable. The privatization...
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Security of Space Traffic Management in the New Space Environment
Pražák, Jakub ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Rosendorf, Ondřej (referee)
The thesis elaborated on the sufficiency of space traffic management in the context of the emergence of the New Space environment. New Space introduces new space actors and private companies that wish to exploit outer space for business and profits. However, new ecosystem brings new challenges that endanger space activities and sustainability of outer space and are connected to the unsatisfactory legal regime, congested orbits, increasing number of space debris, and deteriorating relations among major space powers. The current status of space traffic management has significant deficiencies and requires substantial revitalization and reconsideration of norms. Though the states are still main actors in managing space activities, they are unable to push forward new rules to satisfy the needs of space of fast-paced New Space ecosystem. Hence, they should incorporate the commercial sector in negotiations to create new norms and legislative that would meet new space traffic requirements. Moreover, international bodies such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space should take a leading position, and national legislation should be coordinated according to international standards. The private sector can also be contributing to the development of new technology that would enhance...
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Weaponization of Outer Space: Double-Edged Blade of Dual-Use Technology
Pražák, Jakub ; Doboš, Bohumil (advisor) ; Hynek, Nikola (referee)
The thesis considered the feasibility of space warfare with an emphasis on the malicious potential of dual-use technology. I have described the orbital principles and set the presumptions of space warfare and the principles for space warfare strategy, introduced dual- use technology and its connections to space weapons, elaborated on existing counterspace capabilities and its impact, described the challenges for space warfare and evaluated the utilization of dual-use technology as space weapons. I have reached the conclusion that current space technology does not allow to lead extensive space warfare. However, counterspace technology is mature enough for the conduct of destructive space operations and states are encouraged to proliferate advanced offensive counterspace capabilities that are not sufficiently addressed and bounded to international law. Though, despite it seems space warfare is unlikely, the growing tensions of state space actors and rapid development of new technology that is currently mostly driven by the commercial actors may soon change the situation. Potentially destructive dual-use technology may then increase the risk and probability of space warfare. The thesis proposed several options of potentially destructive dual-technology technology that could be turned into space weapons.
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