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The climate protection under international law
Prokš, Marek ; Ondřej, Jan (advisor) ; Balaš, Vladimír (referee)
The climate protection under international law Key words: international climatic law, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the system of climate protection in international law. In the thesis, there is described the history of the part of international law concerning climate changes, the contemporary international climatic law itself, and some of the most serious problems concerning the topic. The reason for my research is to introduce the basic system of international climatic law, as well as to show how modern international law is created. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter describes the international climatic law as a part of the international environmental law, shows the forms of treaties used in the international environmental law and presents the reasons why the form of framework convention was used in the case of international climatic law. The second chapter analyzes the history and evolution of international climatic law. From the first political declaration to the most recent international conventions, the most important milestones of the development of the international climatic law are shown. The third chapter presents the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change itself as the...
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The European standard of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in connection with the ban on torture
Izmailova, Lyudmila ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
The primary objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive view of the human rights protection system concerning the prohibition of torture, focusing specifically on its European regulation. On the way to fulfill this aim, the following three hypotheses were confirmed: the prohibition of torture is currently regulated at all levels of protection of human rights, namely the universal, regional and national levels; from a comparative perspective, the highest level of protection has been achieved within the European system; and the prohibition of torture has recently acquired a social dimension. This work provides a comprehensive view, of the prohibition of torture at present time, and analyzes the instruments and mechanisms created to date. The interpretation was put into historical context, which is highly important, not only because it provides an exhaustive insight into the regulation of this issue in different sources, but also because this approach helps to understand the regulation correctly and enables the interpretation and application of respective standards in an adequate manner. It also makes it possible to better predict future developments in this area. The most interesting part of this thesis is the section that questions whether the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment are...
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Diplomatic protection
Čermák, Marek ; Balaš, Vladimír (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
Final thesis Topic: Diplomatic protection Thesis supervisor: JUDr. Vladimír Balaš, CSc. Student: Marek Čermák Thesis on the topic of diplomatic protection deals with the granting of exercise of diplomatic protection by the states and is divided into seven chapters which follow each other. The first chapter describes the diplomatic protection and its historical foundations. The second chapter focuses on the possibility of exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of natural persons and the conditions that need to be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The third chapter focuses on the exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of legal persons and the conditions that must be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The fourth chapter describes the internationally accepted rule of exhaustion of local remedies, as well as exceptions to this rule. The fifth chapter describes the procedures of states where is no exercise of diplomatic protection, but enforcement of protection granted on other grounds. The sixth chapter deals with the procedures of states which are different from the rules of international law. And the seventh chapter describes the procedure of states in situation of granting diplomatic protection.
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The International Criminal Court and its subject-matter jurisdiction with regard to the crime of aggression
Kolářová, Michaela ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
1 SUMMARY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND ITS SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION WITH REGARD TO THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION The current course of events concerning the crime of aggression and the search for its definition has undergone a remarkable shift during these days. In the light of the Revision Conference in Kampala, Uganda, whose declared aim was to evaluate the role and the up- to-date operation of the International Criminal Court as well as to find the definition of the crime of aggression and to set up the conditions to exercise the jurisdiction concerning the crime of aggression, the worldwide understanding of the conception of the crime of aggression has been significantly changed . The aim of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the problems regarding the crime of aggression, to describe the evolution of its conception in the field of international law within the last few decades and to provide the reader with a brief outline of some problematic questions which arose from the negotiations of the definition among the states. Further, the thesis attempts to depict the development of the negotiations themselves and to focus on the main disagreements, which the states had to face. The introductory chapter deals with some theoretical questions related to the international criminal justice. The...
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International legal instruments for fighting illegal drug trafficking
Mifková, Miroslava ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
Resumé International trafficking in drugs is one of the gravest global issues. Its combating deserves due attention. In the course of the last hundred years, a series of international conventions were adopted for this cause. The crucial international legal instruments for combating illicit drug trafficking are the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) and foremost, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The first two Conventions focus primarily on legal manipulation with narcotic and psychotropic substances via administrative measures. The goal is to limit them for medical and scientific use only and thus prevent their transfer into illegal channels. The third Convention deals with drug control via criminal law measures. The Parties to the Convention are to incriminate certain offences connected to drug trafficking and apply appropriate sanctions. The Convention also introduces measures against the transfer of proceedings of crime. It further deals with confiscation, extradition, jurisdiction issues and mutual legal assistance. The main bodies in the international fight against illegal trafficking are the UN Commission on Narcotics, International Narcotics Control Board and UN Office...
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Legal Aspects of the UN Reform with the Main Focus on the Sanctions of the Security Council
Slavíček, Tomáš ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
Je nutné podtrhnout, že OSN je univerzální, mezivládní organizace, primárně určená k ochraně mezinárodního míru a bezpečnosti, což odráží Charta v řadě ustanovení. Od samého počátku některá z nich (zejména Kapitola VII) vyvolávala řadu kontraverzí. Pokusy o reformu provází OSN a její statut od jejich zrodu. V práci této otázce věnuji příslušnou kapitolu. Skutečnost, že většina návrhů nepřekročila negociační fázi, svědčí ve prospěch jiných postupů, které činí z OSN, její Charty a příslušných orgánů živý mechanismus. V práci jsem se pokusil tyto procesy, spojené s činností Rady bezpečnosti, identifikovat a blíže objasnit. Z tohoto důvodu jsem se prioritně soustředil na proces praktického uplatňování sankcí Rady bezpečnosti, a to jak v období studené války, tak i v postbipolární éře. Ta přinesla řadu mocensko - politických a bezpečnostních změn, což vyjadřuje i reforma sankčního mechanismu. V práci jsou uvedeny jak sankce rady Bezpečnosti bez použití síly realizované od počátku 90tých let, tak i návrhy de lege ferenda na jejich novou koncepci, zpracované několika členskými státy. Tento vývoj od tzv. plošných sankcí k cíleným opatřením postihujícím především osoby a instituce v postavení orgánu státu představuje novou kvalitu sankční složky, k jejímuž uplatnění má Rada bezpečnosti mandát daný Chartou OSN....
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