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Role of type 3 innate lymphoid cells mediated antigen presentation in prepipheral tolerance establishment
Machač, David ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
Mutual tolerance between organisms is a key evolutionary mechanism for the emergence of commensal and mutualistic relationships. In case of the immune system, the creation of tolerogenic mechanisms towards our own tissues, but also commensal-mutualistic organisms and food antigens, together with defensive components of immunity and their balanced action, is a necessary condition for our survival. To better defend against pathogens, adaptive immunity with randomly assembled TCR and BCR receptors of lymphocytes has evolved. T lymphocytes capable of recognizing the body's own antigens are either deleted (recessive tolerance) or converted to regulatory T cells (Tregs) (dominant tolerance) in the thymic medulla by mechanisms which is collectivelly referred to as central tolerance. Compared to the establishment of central tolerance, the establishment of peripheral tolerance is a more demanding process in terms of the enormous variability of microorganisms living on our mucosal surfaces and skin along with the exposure to a wide variety of food antigens during ontogenesis. It has been shown that innate lymphoid cells expressing the RORγt transcription factor have the ability to present antigens derived from intestinal microorganisms and thus perform the deletion of T lymphocytes recognizing these antigens. These...
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Interaction of HIV-1 infection and expresion of endogenous retroviruses
Machač, David ; Elleder, Daniel (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the effect of HIV-1 on the expression of HERV proviruses in infected cells, how the presence of HERV transcripts and proteins can affect the replication cycle of HIV-1, the composition, structure and infectivity. These interactions may have negative but also positive effects on HIV-1 infectivity. For example, the mutual presence of HIV-1 and HERV proteins encoded by the gag genes responsible for the capsid, nucleocapsid, and virion matrix, may mix together, and form aberrant capsids that will not play a correct role in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Further, due to the phenomenon called viral pseudotyping, HERV envelope glycoproteins could be incorporated into the HIV-1 membrane. This could be a pathway, how the HIV-1 could theoreticaly extend the tropism to other cells than only CD4 T-lymphocytes, macrophages and dedritic cells. Key Words: HERV, HIV-1, virus pseudotypes, retrovirus replication
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Tax issues of the financial market
Machač, David ; Kotáb, Petr (advisor) ; Novotný, Petr (referee)
English Summary Tax Aspects of Financial Market The increasing volatility of financial market and the rapid development of financial instruments combined with very frequent amendments to tax legislation give rise to a lot of issues in the area on which this paper focuses. The objective of this paper was to introduce the approach to the taxation of common financial instruments and to show how the government influences the market economy by application of its tax policy. It focuses on the changes in tax legislation made in recent years and some observations about the purpose and effect of these changes on the financial markets and the economy as a whole are made. As much as this is a legal thesis, given the overlaps with other fields, the accounting and overall economic points of view are taken into consideration as well. Although financial market instruments may theoretically trigger almost all kinds of taxes known to the Czech law, this paper focuses on the income taxes, both personal and corporate, and partly also on the value added tax. The financial instruments are divided into two main categories - equity instruments, such as shares in companies, and debt instruments, such as bonds, options or derivatives. For the purpose of income taxes, the income is divided into capital gains and current income, such...
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