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Potential of genetic engineering for breeding plants tolerant to abiotic stresses: cold resistance in rice
Lotová, Gabriela ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Janská, Anna (referee)
With increasing population and climate change, there has been an increase in efforts to breed more efficient crops. Genetic engineering has opened unprecedented breeding possibilities in developing plants with desired traits. Transgenic crops with better qualities, including resistance to adverse environmental conditions, can contribute to solving problems of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Although society perceives genetically modified crops rather negatively, these crops are widely used as feed for livestock and outside Europe also for human nutrition. Because of the complexity of resistance to abiotic stress, the utility of genetic manipulations for the breeding of resistant plants was previously not anticipated. However, it turned out that modification of the stress signalling cascade or transcription factors can lead to success. This thesis summarizes the possibilities of genetic modification of crops, which may result in better tolerance to cold, and is mainly focused on rice. Part of the work deals with transduction of cold signal, whose modification can also result in increased tolerance to cold. Another part deals with transcription factors that activate expression of low temperature- resistant genes. The greatest attention is paid to CBF/DREB transcription factors that...
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A transcriptomic-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity
Janská, Anna ; Ovesná, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Vaňková, Radomíra (referee) ; Honys, David (referee)
The PhD thesis is focused on a transcriptomics-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity, with a particular focus on genes transcribed in the leaf and crown. The crown was of interest because of its importance for the winter survival of the plant. To involve both the first and the second phase of hardening, the test plants were exposed first to +3řC for 21 days, followed by - 3řC for one day. Freezing damage was assessed by measuring electrolyte leakage (Papers 2 and 3), using a modified version of a protocol developed by Prášil and Zámečník (1998). The same protocol was adapted to evaluate crown regrowth (Paper 2); for this purpose, the plants were cooled, then replanted and cut above the crown, and their survival rate calculated over the following week. Each RNA sample was queried by hybridization to an Affymetrix 22 K Barley1 GeneChip Genome Array (Close et al. 2004). The data were statistically analysed with the help of the software packages R, MAS 5.0 (Ihaka & Gentleman 1996) (Papers 2 and 3), Gene Spring GX 7.3 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara CA) and MapMan (Thimm et al. 2004; Usadel et al. 2005) (Paper 2), the "Self-Organizing Maps" algorithm (Kohonen et al. 1996) (Paper 3) and MIPS FunCat (Ruepp et al. 2004) (Paper 2). Paper...
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Potential of genetic engineering for breeding plants tolerant to abiotic stresses: cold resistance in rice
Lotová, Gabriela ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Janská, Anna (referee)
With increasing population and climate change, there has been an increase in efforts to breed more efficient crops. Genetic engineering has opened unprecedented breeding possibilities in developing plants with desired traits. Transgenic crops with better qualities, including resistance to adverse environmental conditions, can contribute to solving problems of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Although society perceives genetically modified crops rather negatively, these crops are widely used as feed for livestock and outside Europe also for human nutrition. Because of the complexity of resistance to abiotic stress, the utility of genetic manipulations for the breeding of resistant plants was previously not anticipated. However, it turned out that modification of the stress signalling cascade or transcription factors can lead to success. This thesis summarizes the possibilities of genetic modification of crops, which may result in better tolerance to cold, and is mainly focused on rice. Part of the work deals with transduction of cold signal, whose modification can also result in increased tolerance to cold. Another part deals with transcription factors that activate expression of low temperature- resistant genes. The greatest attention is paid to CBF/DREB transcription factors that...
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Sorbitol role in abiotic stress response
Dvořáková, Iveta ; Konrádová, Hana (advisor) ; Janská, Anna (referee)
Many adverse factors affect plants during their life cycle. This bachelor thesis is focused on the influence of abiotic stress on plants. Attention is paid to drought and salinity stresses which are the main causes of osmotic stress, and to the mechanisms which help plants to cope with these adverse factors. Common reaction of plants to osmotic stress is synthesis and accumulation of substances which contribute to keeping cell integrity. These substances are called compatible solutes. This thesis is focused on sorbitol - sugar alcohol belonging to this group of substances. In plants that synthesize sorbitol naturally, it provides advantage under exposure to abiotic stresses as it serves as an osmoticum and/or an osmoprotectant and reduces oxidative stresses. Finally, based on the knowledge about participation of sugar alcohols in the stress reactions, modifications of plant metabolisms potentially increasing stress tolerance are discussed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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A transcriptomic-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity
Janská, Anna ; Ovesná, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Vaňková, Radomíra (referee) ; Honys, David (referee)
The PhD thesis is focused on a transcriptomics-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity, with a particular focus on genes transcribed in the leaf and crown. The crown was of interest because of its importance for the winter survival of the plant. To involve both the first and the second phase of hardening, the test plants were exposed first to +3řC for 21 days, followed by - 3řC for one day. Freezing damage was assessed by measuring electrolyte leakage (Papers 2 and 3), using a modified version of a protocol developed by Prášil and Zámečník (1998). The same protocol was adapted to evaluate crown regrowth (Paper 2); for this purpose, the plants were cooled, then replanted and cut above the crown, and their survival rate calculated over the following week. Each RNA sample was queried by hybridization to an Affymetrix 22 K Barley1 GeneChip Genome Array (Close et al. 2004). The data were statistically analysed with the help of the software packages R, MAS 5.0 (Ihaka & Gentleman 1996) (Papers 2 and 3), Gene Spring GX 7.3 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara CA) and MapMan (Thimm et al. 2004; Usadel et al. 2005) (Paper 2), the "Self-Organizing Maps" algorithm (Kohonen et al. 1996) (Paper 3) and MIPS FunCat (Ruepp et al. 2004) (Paper 2). Paper...
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Effect of physiotherapy and AFO extension verticalization in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Jánská, Anna ; Haberlová, Jana (advisor) ; Zounková, Irena (referee)
Our research is focused on using orthotic devices in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), particularly in the ambulant phase of the disease. DMD is the most common hereditary muscle disorder in childhood. The typical symptoms are progressive muscle weakness and contractures that lead to loss of ability of independent walking, typically among the age of 9 to 13 years. The theoretical part is focused on pattern of standing and walking in these patients, the posibilities of useing the orthotic devices in various stages of the disease, and on the problems of contractures and deformities. The other teoretical part of the work is devoted to certain physiotherapy interventions and to associated physical activities. The practical part of the research is based on assesment of effect of physiotherapy and use of the nigt orthesis AFO (Ankle- Foot-Orthesis) in group of 10 DMD boys in the average age 9,1 ± 2,7 years. All boys were examined before and after 6 month of therapy. In examinations the following tests were used: NSAA (North Star Ambulatory Assessment), BI (Barthel index) measurements of muscle strength by hand held myometr and measurement of PROM (passive range of motion). The practical part also includes analysis of questionnaire datas from 19 patients with DMD collected in year 3/2013, questions...
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Morbus Scheuermann in children
Jánská, Anna ; Ježková, Martina (advisor) ; Dyrhonová, Olga (referee)
Scheuermann's disease is one of the most frequent causes of structural kyphosis in adolescents with no gender predominance. The bachelor's thesis "Morbus Scheuermann in children" deals with the overall issue of Scheuermann's kyphosis. The thesis summarizes findings about the clinical picture, etiology, diagnostics, stages of the disease, and points to a crucial influence of kinetic activity as an integral part of the treatment. A significant part of the thesis is focused on an overview of therapeutic methods and approaches which are most frequently used to influence the disease. In the conclusion of the thesis, there is a brief characterization of corset therapy, surgical treatment and a summary of the most frequent complications of the disease. The thesis is supplemented with a casuistry of a patient with m. Scheuermann, accompanied by a short term and a long term rehabilitation plan.
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